1 00:00:10,443 --> 00:00:09,342 >> IN 1977, THE GREATEST 2 00:00:12,111 --> 00:00:10,510 ADVENTURE IN SPACE 3 00:00:13,546 --> 00:00:12,178 EXPLORATION COMMENCED. 4 00:00:16,449 --> 00:00:13,613 >> WE HAVE IGNITION, 5 00:00:18,317 --> 00:00:16,516 AND WE HAVE LIFT-OFF! 6 00:00:19,986 --> 00:00:18,384 >> OUR EYES, OUR MINDS, 7 00:00:21,888 --> 00:00:20,053 OUR SOULS ARE MOVING OUT 8 00:00:22,855 --> 00:00:21,955 THROUGH THE UNIVERSE. 9 00:00:24,957 --> 00:00:22,922 >> YOU CAN ONLY DO THINGS 10 00:00:26,392 --> 00:00:25,024 FOR THE FIRST TIME ONCE. 11 00:00:27,527 --> 00:00:26,459 AND VOYAGER KEPT DOING THINGS 12 00:00:29,529 --> 00:00:27,594 FOR THE FIRST TIME 13 00:00:30,596 --> 00:00:29,596 OVER AND OVER AGAIN. 14 00:00:32,999 --> 00:00:30,663 >> TWO ROBOTS WERE BUILT 15 00:00:34,801 --> 00:00:33,066 TO BE ABLE TO THINK AND EXPLORE 16 00:00:37,937 --> 00:00:34,868 BY THEMSELVES IN THE DEEP 17 00:00:38,905 --> 00:00:38,004 REACHES OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 18 00:00:39,772 --> 00:00:38,972 >> NONE OF THE MANAGERS 19 00:00:41,374 --> 00:00:39,839 REALLY APPRECIATED 20 00:00:42,508 --> 00:00:41,441 THE COMPLEXITY AND THE AUTONOMY 21 00:00:45,545 --> 00:00:42,575 THAT WE HAD JUST LAUNCHED 22 00:00:46,579 --> 00:00:45,612 INTO SPACE. 23 00:00:48,681 --> 00:00:46,646 >> YET BOTH MISSIONS WENT 24 00:00:50,683 --> 00:00:48,748 SERIOUSLY WRONG ONLY MOMENTS 25 00:00:51,384 --> 00:00:50,750 AFTER TAKING FLIGHT. 26 00:00:53,853 --> 00:00:51,451 >> WE THOUGHT THAT 27 00:00:54,821 --> 00:00:53,920 WE'D LOST THE SPACECRAFT. 28 00:00:56,989 --> 00:00:54,888 >> THEY WENT ON TO MAKE 29 00:00:57,924 --> 00:00:57,056 ASTOUNDING AND UNEXPECTED 30 00:01:00,193 --> 00:00:57,991 DISCOVERIES. 31 00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:00,260 [ CHEERING ] 32 00:01:02,595 --> 00:01:01,227 >> WHEN YOU SEE THINGS THAT 33 00:01:03,329 --> 00:01:02,662 YOU DID NOT PREDICT, 34 00:01:09,702 --> 00:01:03,396 THAT'S WHEN THERE'S 35 00:01:22,181 --> 00:01:09,769 THE MOST TO LEARN. 36 00:01:24,951 --> 00:01:22,248 [ APPLAUSE ] 37 00:01:27,086 --> 00:01:25,018 >> FORTY YEARS AGO, THE GREATEST 38 00:01:28,287 --> 00:01:27,153 ADVENTURE IN SPACE EXPLORATION 39 00:01:29,722 --> 00:01:28,354 BEGAN WITH THE LAUNCH OF 40 00:01:31,657 --> 00:01:29,789 THE VOYAGERS. 41 00:01:34,527 --> 00:01:31,724 AND WE'RE HERE TODAY 42 00:01:35,895 --> 00:01:34,594 TO REMEMBER, TO CELEBRATE 43 00:01:37,296 --> 00:01:35,962 AND TO FIND OUT 44 00:01:40,032 --> 00:01:37,363 WHAT THESE MAGNIFICENT 45 00:01:40,766 --> 00:01:40,099 MACHINES ARE STILL DOING. 46 00:01:42,235 --> 00:01:40,833 I WANT TO INTRODUCE 47 00:01:43,236 --> 00:01:42,302 OUR PANELISTS, BUT IF YOU WILL, 48 00:01:44,637 --> 00:01:43,303 PLEASE HOLD YOUR APPLAUSE 49 00:01:46,939 --> 00:01:44,704 'TIL THE END. 50 00:01:48,608 --> 00:01:47,006 FIRST IS SUZY DODD. 51 00:01:51,043 --> 00:01:48,675 SUZY'S FIRST JOB OUT OF COLLEGE 52 00:01:52,378 --> 00:01:51,110 WAS TO WORK ON VOYAGER. 53 00:01:54,180 --> 00:01:52,445 SHE WENT ON TO BECOME 54 00:01:56,115 --> 00:01:54,247 THE PROJECT MANAGER OF VOYAGER 55 00:01:58,618 --> 00:01:56,182 AND HEAD THAT TOP JOB 56 00:02:00,653 --> 00:01:58,685 WHEN VOYAGER 1 BECAME THE FIRST 57 00:02:03,656 --> 00:02:00,720 SPACECRAFT EVER TO REACH 58 00:02:05,858 --> 00:02:03,723 INTERSTELLAR SPACE. 59 00:02:07,093 --> 00:02:05,925 CHRIS JONES IS JPL'S 60 00:02:07,927 --> 00:02:07,160 CHIEF ENGINEER. 61 00:02:09,662 --> 00:02:07,994 HE HELPED TO BRING 62 00:02:11,030 --> 00:02:09,729 THE VOYAGERS INTO BEING, 63 00:02:12,999 --> 00:02:11,097 AND THESE DAYS HE'S STILL 64 00:02:15,301 --> 00:02:13,066 PROVIDING ADVICE AND GUIDANCE 65 00:02:16,135 --> 00:02:15,368 ON HOW TO KEEP THEM WORKING. 66 00:02:17,904 --> 00:02:16,202 CHRIS PLAYED A VERY 67 00:02:19,338 --> 00:02:17,971 IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE SAVING 68 00:02:21,007 --> 00:02:19,405 OF VOYAGER 2, AND WE'LL HEAR 69 00:02:22,275 --> 00:02:21,074 ABOUT THAT IN A MINUTE. 70 00:02:23,176 --> 00:02:22,342 JOHN CASANI. 71 00:02:25,411 --> 00:02:23,243 JOHN IS ONE OF THE GREAT 72 00:02:28,147 --> 00:02:25,478 PIONEERS IN SPACE EXPLORATION. 73 00:02:29,549 --> 00:02:28,214 HE ARRIVED AT JPL IN THE 1950s, 74 00:02:30,850 --> 00:02:29,616 AND IF YOU'RE A FAN OF 75 00:02:32,351 --> 00:02:30,917 THE GOLD RECORD, YOU HAVE 76 00:02:33,886 --> 00:02:32,418 JOHN TO THANK. 77 00:02:34,921 --> 00:02:33,953 AND DR. ED STONE. 78 00:02:36,889 --> 00:02:34,988 PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS 79 00:02:38,157 --> 00:02:36,956 AT CALTECH, HE SERVED AS 80 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:38,224 DIRECTOR OF JPL 81 00:02:44,630 --> 00:02:41,227 FROM 1991 TO 2001. 82 00:02:46,165 --> 00:02:44,697 AND IN 1972 HE WAS NAMED 83 00:02:47,466 --> 00:02:46,232 THE PROJECT SCIENTIST 84 00:02:48,568 --> 00:02:47,533 FOR VOYAGER. 85 00:02:52,038 --> 00:02:48,635 IT IS A POSITION THAT 86 00:02:53,906 --> 00:02:52,105 HE HAS HELD FOR 45 YEARS. 87 00:02:55,908 --> 00:02:53,973 THE ONE AND THE ONLY PROJECT 88 00:02:57,677 --> 00:02:55,975 SCIENTIST THAT VOYAGER 89 00:02:58,578 --> 00:02:57,744 HAS EVER KNOWN. 90 00:02:59,912 --> 00:02:58,645 WILL YOU PLEASE GIVE 91 00:03:00,980 --> 00:02:59,979 A VERY WARM WELCOME 92 00:03:17,797 --> 00:03:01,047 TO OUR PANELISTS. 93 00:03:20,132 --> 00:03:17,864 [ APPLAUSE ] 94 00:03:21,767 --> 00:03:20,199 NOW, THERE ARE OTHER MEMBERS 95 00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:21,834 OF THE VOYAGER TEAM WHO ARE 96 00:03:25,438 --> 00:03:24,437 HERE-- SOME THAT ARE STILL 97 00:03:26,806 --> 00:03:25,505 WORKING IN THE LAB, SOME 98 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:26,873 THAT HAVE MADE SPECIAL EFFORT 99 00:03:29,742 --> 00:03:28,107 TO BE HERE TODAY. 100 00:03:30,810 --> 00:03:29,809 AND WE WOULD BE AMISS 101 00:03:32,478 --> 00:03:30,877 WITHOUT ACKNOWLEDGING 102 00:03:33,746 --> 00:03:32,545 THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS 103 00:03:34,814 --> 00:03:33,813 TO THIS MISSION. 104 00:03:35,881 --> 00:03:34,881 SO WOULD YOU PLEASE, 105 00:03:37,550 --> 00:03:35,948 EVERYONE WHO'S EVER WORKED 106 00:03:38,517 --> 00:03:37,617 ON VOYAGER, WOULD YOU PLEASE 107 00:03:41,087 --> 00:03:38,584 STAND SO WE COULD 108 00:04:01,173 --> 00:03:41,154 RECOGNIZE YOU? 109 00:04:02,341 --> 00:04:01,240 [ APPLAUSE ] 110 00:04:03,709 --> 00:04:02,408 THERE ARE A LOT OF REASONS WHY 111 00:04:05,478 --> 00:04:03,776 VOYAGER IS SO EXTRAORDINARY 112 00:04:06,846 --> 00:04:05,545 AND SPECIAL, BUT ONE HAS TO DO 113 00:04:08,114 --> 00:04:06,913 WITH THE ALIGNMENT OF 114 00:04:09,081 --> 00:04:08,181 THE PLANETS. 115 00:04:10,049 --> 00:04:09,148 AND I WAS WONDERING, ED, 116 00:04:12,351 --> 00:04:10,116 IF YOU COULD TELL US 117 00:04:13,019 --> 00:04:12,418 WHAT THAT WAS ALL ABOUT. 118 00:04:13,819 --> 00:04:13,086 >> WELL, THERE WAS 119 00:04:16,455 --> 00:04:13,886 A GRADUATE STUDENT FROM 120 00:04:18,357 --> 00:04:16,522 CALTECH WHO WAS-- THE SUMMER 121 00:04:19,425 --> 00:04:18,424 OF 1965, AND HE'D BEEN GIVEN 122 00:04:20,693 --> 00:04:19,492 THE TASK OF LOOKING FOR 123 00:04:22,228 --> 00:04:20,760 OPPORTUNITIES TO FLY BY 124 00:04:23,696 --> 00:04:22,295 JUPITER AS A WAY TO 125 00:04:24,930 --> 00:04:23,763 SPEED THINGS UP IN THE OUTER 126 00:04:26,365 --> 00:04:24,997 SOLAR SYSTEM. 127 00:04:28,601 --> 00:04:26,432 SO THESE ARE GRAVITY ASSIST 128 00:04:29,702 --> 00:04:28,668 FLY-BYS, AND IN THAT PROCESS 129 00:04:31,604 --> 00:04:29,769 HE DISCOVERED THAT 130 00:04:35,908 --> 00:04:31,671 IF YOU LAUNCHED A SPACECRAFT 131 00:04:38,544 --> 00:04:35,975 IN 1977, OR '76, OR '78, 132 00:04:39,779 --> 00:04:38,611 THE PLANETS JUPITER, SATURN, 133 00:04:42,214 --> 00:04:39,846 URANUS, AND NEPTUNE WERE ALL 134 00:04:43,516 --> 00:04:42,281 LINED UP SO THAT WITH ONE 135 00:04:45,384 --> 00:04:43,583 ASSIST AFTER THE OTHER, 136 00:04:46,719 --> 00:04:45,451 ONE COULD SPEED UP THE JOURNEY 137 00:04:48,954 --> 00:04:46,786 OUT TO NEPTUNE, NORMALLY 138 00:04:50,523 --> 00:04:49,021 30 YEARS, DOWN TO 12 YEARS. 139 00:04:53,292 --> 00:04:50,590 AND THIS SOON WAS CALLED 140 00:04:55,294 --> 00:04:53,359 THE GRAND TOUR, AND LED TO 141 00:04:57,430 --> 00:04:55,361 WHAT EVENTUALLY BECAME 142 00:04:58,331 --> 00:04:57,497 VOYAGER 1 AND 2. 143 00:05:00,466 --> 00:04:58,398 >> SO WHEN THIS OPPORTUNITY 144 00:05:01,334 --> 00:05:00,533 WAS THERE, WERE WE READY, JOHN? 145 00:05:02,535 --> 00:05:01,401 WE'D NEVER BEEN TO 146 00:05:03,836 --> 00:05:02,602 THE OUTER PLANETS. 147 00:05:04,937 --> 00:05:03,903 WE HADN'T BEEN ANY FURTHER 148 00:05:05,871 --> 00:05:05,004 THAN MARS, RIGHT? 149 00:05:06,739 --> 00:05:05,938 >> THAT'S RIGHT, WE'D BEEN-- 150 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:06,806 THAT'S FAR-- MARS IS 151 00:05:10,376 --> 00:05:07,907 AS FAR AS WE'D BEEN, SO 152 00:05:12,044 --> 00:05:10,443 IT WAS QUITE A CHALLENGE. 153 00:05:13,512 --> 00:05:12,111 I MEAN, THERE-- 154 00:05:15,648 --> 00:05:13,579 NASA HAD FUNDED US 155 00:05:17,116 --> 00:05:15,715 AN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 156 00:05:18,284 --> 00:05:17,183 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO EXPLORE 157 00:05:20,486 --> 00:05:18,351 AND DEVELOP SOME OF THE NEW 158 00:05:22,455 --> 00:05:20,553 TECHNOLOGIES THAT WE THOUGHT 159 00:05:23,622 --> 00:05:22,522 WE WERE GOING TO NEED. 160 00:05:25,157 --> 00:05:23,689 THE PROBLEM WAS TIME. 161 00:05:27,326 --> 00:05:25,224 WE HAD NEVER DEVELOPED 162 00:05:29,862 --> 00:05:27,393 ANYTHING RELIABLY THAT WOULD 163 00:05:31,397 --> 00:05:29,929 LAST BEYOND MARS, YOU KNOW, 164 00:05:32,398 --> 00:05:31,464 AND NOBODY HAD REALLY FLOWN 165 00:05:33,699 --> 00:05:32,465 ANYTHING BEYOND MARS 166 00:05:34,533 --> 00:05:33,766 BEFORE THAT. 167 00:05:37,703 --> 00:05:34,600 AND SO I THINK THAT'S 168 00:05:39,071 --> 00:05:37,770 WHAT OCCUPIED OUR CONCERN, 169 00:05:40,039 --> 00:05:39,138 FOR THE MOST PART. 170 00:05:41,173 --> 00:05:40,106 I MEAN, WE'D BUILT A LOT OF 171 00:05:43,109 --> 00:05:41,240 MARINER SPACECRAFT, 172 00:05:45,211 --> 00:05:43,176 AND THE MARINER FAMILY, WE HAD 173 00:05:46,145 --> 00:05:45,278 A LONG SERIES OF SUCCESS. 174 00:05:47,346 --> 00:05:46,212 BUT THOSE WERE-- I MEAN, 175 00:05:48,714 --> 00:05:47,413 IT'S A MARS MISSION. 176 00:05:50,049 --> 00:05:48,781 AND WE WERE GOING TO TAKE ON 177 00:05:51,384 --> 00:05:50,116 SOMETHING THAT WAS NOT GOING TO 178 00:05:52,318 --> 00:05:51,451 TAKE TWO YEARS OR THREE YEARS-- 179 00:05:53,786 --> 00:05:52,385 IT WAS GOING TO TAKE 180 00:05:55,621 --> 00:05:53,853 12 OR 30 YEARS, AND-- 181 00:05:57,123 --> 00:05:55,688 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 182 00:05:58,958 --> 00:05:57,190 THE GRAND TOUR, BUT EVEN 183 00:06:00,025 --> 00:05:59,025 WHEN IT WAS CUT BACK TO JUST 184 00:06:01,494 --> 00:06:00,092 JUPITER AND SATURN, IT WAS 185 00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:01,561 STILL 10 OR 12 YEARS. 186 00:06:03,963 --> 00:06:03,296 AND THAT WAS KIND OF SCARY. 187 00:06:06,298 --> 00:06:04,030 >> AND YOU WERE FUNDED 188 00:06:07,733 --> 00:06:06,365 JUST FOR GOING TO THE FIRST TWO 189 00:06:09,702 --> 00:06:07,800 OF THE OUTER PLANETS, AND 190 00:06:12,071 --> 00:06:09,769 YOU SOMEHOW WORKED IT OUT 191 00:06:14,507 --> 00:06:12,138 SO THAT IT WAS A POSSIBILITY 192 00:06:16,342 --> 00:06:14,574 TO GO FURTHER, CORRECT? 193 00:06:17,910 --> 00:06:16,409 >> WELL... 194 00:06:18,978 --> 00:06:17,977 [ LAUGHTER ] 195 00:06:21,013 --> 00:06:19,045 >> YOU CAN TELL IT NOW, JOHN. 196 00:06:22,214 --> 00:06:21,080 IT'S OKAY. 197 00:06:23,983 --> 00:06:22,281 >> WELL, WE WERE NOT 198 00:06:25,117 --> 00:06:24,050 SUPPOSED TO WORK ON ANYTHING 199 00:06:26,419 --> 00:06:25,184 FURTHER THAN SATURN, 200 00:06:27,853 --> 00:06:26,486 AND THAT WAS A PRETTY STRICT 201 00:06:28,721 --> 00:06:27,920 DIRECTION THAT WE HAD 202 00:06:29,922 --> 00:06:28,788 FROM HEADQUARTERS. 203 00:06:30,756 --> 00:06:29,989 AND I WASN'T THE FIRST 204 00:06:31,624 --> 00:06:30,823 PROJECT MANAGER. 205 00:06:32,892 --> 00:06:31,691 THE FIRST PROJECT MANAGER 206 00:06:33,793 --> 00:06:32,959 WAS BUD SCHURMEIER. 207 00:06:35,861 --> 00:06:33,860 >> OKAY. 208 00:06:37,096 --> 00:06:35,928 >> AND WHEN NASA DECIDED 209 00:06:39,331 --> 00:06:37,163 NOT TO GO FORWARD WITH 210 00:06:40,599 --> 00:06:39,398 THE GRAND TOUR, IT WAS 211 00:06:42,001 --> 00:06:40,666 SCHURMEIER WHO LED THE CHARGE 212 00:06:42,868 --> 00:06:42,068 WITH AN IDEA-- LOOK, 213 00:06:44,270 --> 00:06:42,935 WE DON'T HAVE TO DO 214 00:06:45,104 --> 00:06:44,337 ALL FOUR OF THOSE PLANETS. 215 00:06:47,173 --> 00:06:45,171 LET'S JUST CUT IT BACK 216 00:06:49,642 --> 00:06:47,240 TO TWO, AND IT'LL TAKE 217 00:06:51,343 --> 00:06:49,709 A LESS AGGRESSIVE APPROACH 218 00:06:54,146 --> 00:06:51,410 TO THE TECHNOLOGY, WE WON'T 219 00:06:55,714 --> 00:06:54,213 HAVE TO USE SO MUCH NEW STUFF. 220 00:06:57,349 --> 00:06:55,781 AND WE CAN CAPITALIZE ON 221 00:06:58,284 --> 00:06:57,416 THE MARINER BRAND NAME, 222 00:06:59,452 --> 00:06:58,351 BECAUSE MARINER, WE HAD 223 00:07:01,720 --> 00:06:59,519 A STRING OF 10 OR 11 224 00:07:03,522 --> 00:07:01,787 SUCCESSFUL MARINER MISSIONS. 225 00:07:04,957 --> 00:07:03,589 AND SO THAT SOUNDED LIKE 226 00:07:06,892 --> 00:07:05,024 A GOOD IDEA, AND 227 00:07:08,127 --> 00:07:06,959 HEADQUARTERS WENT FOR IT. 228 00:07:09,628 --> 00:07:08,194 AND WE GOT STARTED, 229 00:07:10,830 --> 00:07:09,695 I GUESS IT WAS '72. 230 00:07:11,964 --> 00:07:10,897 >> YEAH, '72. 231 00:07:13,098 --> 00:07:12,031 >> WAS THE OFFICIAL GO-AHEAD 232 00:07:13,833 --> 00:07:13,165 FOR THAT. 233 00:07:15,334 --> 00:07:13,900 >> YEAH, THAT'S-- I THINK 234 00:07:16,969 --> 00:07:15,401 ONE INTERESTING THING THAT 235 00:07:18,604 --> 00:07:17,036 IS NOT GENERALLY REALIZED 236 00:07:20,339 --> 00:07:18,671 IS WHEN VOYAGER WENT-- 237 00:07:21,307 --> 00:07:20,406 MARINER JUPITER SATURN '77 238 00:07:22,208 --> 00:07:21,374 IS WHAT IT WAS CALLED. 239 00:07:24,777 --> 00:07:22,275 IT WAS A FOUR-YEAR MISSION, 240 00:07:26,512 --> 00:07:24,844 AND SUCCESS WAS ONE OF TWO-- 241 00:07:27,713 --> 00:07:26,579 AT LEAST ONE-- ACTUALLY 242 00:07:28,881 --> 00:07:27,780 GETTING ALL THE WAY OUT 243 00:07:30,549 --> 00:07:28,948 TO SATURN. 244 00:07:31,984 --> 00:07:30,616 AND IT TURNED OUT THAT 245 00:07:33,486 --> 00:07:32,051 IN THOSE DAYS, A FISCAL YEAR 246 00:07:35,221 --> 00:07:33,553 ENDED IN JUNE. 247 00:07:37,490 --> 00:07:35,288 AND SO THE MISSION HAD TO END 248 00:07:38,757 --> 00:07:37,557 IN JUNE OF '81, AND THAT MEANT 249 00:07:40,192 --> 00:07:38,824 THAT THE AIM POINT TO GO 250 00:07:41,494 --> 00:07:40,259 INTO URANUS WAS INSIDE 251 00:07:45,030 --> 00:07:41,561 THE RINGS. 252 00:07:47,700 --> 00:07:45,097 SO IN FACT, UNTIL 19-- 253 00:07:50,569 --> 00:07:47,767 ABOUT '75 OR '76 WHEN VOYAGER 254 00:07:52,238 --> 00:07:50,636 WAS THEN APPROVED TO MOVE 255 00:07:52,872 --> 00:07:52,305 THE AIM POINT FURTHER AWAY, 256 00:07:54,773 --> 00:07:52,939 AND THAT'S THE REASON 257 00:07:55,641 --> 00:07:54,840 WE ARRIVED LATER THAN JUNE. 258 00:07:56,675 --> 00:07:55,708 WE ARRIVED IN AUGUST-- 259 00:07:57,676 --> 00:07:56,742 THAT WAS OUTSIDE THE RINGS, 260 00:07:59,144 --> 00:07:57,743 AND IN FACT, TO GO ON 261 00:07:59,912 --> 00:07:59,211 TO URANUS AND NEPTUNE. 262 00:08:01,213 --> 00:07:59,979 >> SO THAT WAS COMPLETELY 263 00:08:02,214 --> 00:08:01,280 FINANCIALLY DRIVEN? 264 00:08:03,182 --> 00:08:02,281 >> IT WAS DRIVEN BY THE FACT 265 00:08:04,617 --> 00:08:03,249 THAT THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED 266 00:08:06,151 --> 00:08:04,684 ON JUNE 30, AND THEY WANTED 267 00:08:08,420 --> 00:08:06,218 THE MISSION OVER BY JUNE 30. 268 00:08:08,921 --> 00:08:08,487 [ LAUGHTER ] 269 00:08:09,822 --> 00:08:08,988 >> WHO KNEW? 270 00:08:11,357 --> 00:08:09,889 I DIDN'T KNOW THAT. 271 00:08:11,991 --> 00:08:11,424 >> OKAY, ALL RIGHT. 272 00:08:13,626 --> 00:08:12,058 >> THEY WERE AFRAID 273 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:13,693 SOME PROJECT SCIENTIST WOULD 274 00:08:17,863 --> 00:08:14,827 MAKE A CAREER OUT OF IT. 275 00:08:23,836 --> 00:08:17,930 [ LAUGHTER ] 276 00:08:25,237 --> 00:08:23,903 [ APPLAUSE ] 277 00:08:27,373 --> 00:08:25,304 >> ALL RIGHT, WELL, LET'S MOVE 278 00:08:28,440 --> 00:08:27,440 AHEAD TO THE LAUNCH PERIOD. 279 00:08:29,808 --> 00:08:28,507 JOHN, I UNDERSTAND YOU MADE 280 00:08:31,377 --> 00:08:29,875 THE DECISION TO LAUNCH 281 00:08:33,112 --> 00:08:31,444 THE FIRST ONE AND CALL IT 282 00:08:35,814 --> 00:08:33,179 VOYAGER 2, WHICH CONFUSED 283 00:08:36,916 --> 00:08:35,881 ALL OF MY BRETHREN IN THE PRESS 284 00:08:38,350 --> 00:08:36,983 AS TO WHY YOU WOULD 285 00:08:40,452 --> 00:08:38,417 LAUNCH VOYAGER 2-- BUT 286 00:08:42,187 --> 00:08:40,519 IT GOT EVEN MORE COMPLICATED 287 00:08:44,189 --> 00:08:42,254 DURING THE ACTUAL LAUNCH. 288 00:08:48,093 --> 00:08:44,256 SO LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENED 289 00:08:49,828 --> 00:08:48,160 DURING THESE LAUNCHES. 290 00:08:53,799 --> 00:08:49,895 >> FIVE, FOUR, 291 00:08:55,568 --> 00:08:53,866 THREE, TWO, ONE. 292 00:08:58,571 --> 00:08:55,635 WE HAVE IGNITION, 293 00:08:59,605 --> 00:08:58,638 AND WE HAVE LIFT-OFF! 294 00:09:00,806 --> 00:08:59,672 WE HAVE LIFT-OFF 295 00:09:02,107 --> 00:09:00,873 OF THE TITAN-CENTAUR 296 00:09:03,943 --> 00:09:02,174 CARRYING THE FIRST OF TWO 297 00:09:05,377 --> 00:09:04,010 VOYAGER SPACECRAFT TO EXTEND 298 00:09:06,345 --> 00:09:05,444 MAN'S SENSES FARTHER INTO 299 00:09:08,147 --> 00:09:06,412 THE SOLAR SYSTEM 300 00:09:13,886 --> 00:09:08,214 THAN EVER BEFORE. 301 00:09:14,954 --> 00:09:13,953 [ MUSIC ] 302 00:09:16,722 --> 00:09:15,021 >> VOYAGER'S PROGRAMMERS 303 00:09:18,791 --> 00:09:16,789 HAD TAUGHT THE SPACECRAFT THAT 304 00:09:20,859 --> 00:09:18,858 IF IT SENSED ANYTHING UNUSUAL, 305 00:09:22,194 --> 00:09:20,926 TO SWITCH TO BACKUP SYSTEMS. 306 00:09:24,630 --> 00:09:22,261 AND THAT'S EXACTLY 307 00:09:25,965 --> 00:09:24,697 WHAT HAD ALREADY OCCURRED. 308 00:09:28,968 --> 00:09:26,032 ENGINEERS CALL THIS 309 00:09:30,569 --> 00:09:29,035 FAULT PROTECTION. 310 00:09:32,738 --> 00:09:30,636 >> THE FAULT PROTECTION 311 00:09:34,239 --> 00:09:32,805 STARTED DOING ITS THING, 312 00:09:34,940 --> 00:09:34,306 RECONFIGURING THE SYSTEM. 313 00:09:36,208 --> 00:09:35,007 WE'RE STILL ATTACHED TO 314 00:09:37,543 --> 00:09:36,275 THE LAUNCH VEHICLE. 315 00:09:40,212 --> 00:09:37,610 IT'S IN THE EARLY STAGES 316 00:09:41,146 --> 00:09:40,279 OF ITS FLIGHT, AND THE FIRST 317 00:09:44,149 --> 00:09:41,213 THING WE SEE ARE 318 00:09:45,184 --> 00:09:44,216 THE GYROS BEING SWAPPED. 319 00:09:46,885 --> 00:09:45,251 >> THE LAUNCH VEHICLE, 320 00:09:49,555 --> 00:09:46,952 AS PART OF ITS POWERED FLIGHT, 321 00:09:50,656 --> 00:09:49,622 WENT THROUGH A ROLL. 322 00:09:51,924 --> 00:09:50,723 AND THE SPACECRAFT WOULD'VE 323 00:09:53,525 --> 00:09:51,991 NEVER DONE THAT ON ITS OWN, 324 00:09:56,929 --> 00:09:53,592 SO THE SPACECRAFT THOUGHT 325 00:09:57,630 --> 00:09:56,996 THAT WAS A FAULT. 326 00:09:58,964 --> 00:09:57,697 >> I THINK THERE WERE 327 00:10:00,032 --> 00:09:59,031 SIX OR SEVEN DIFFERENT STATES 328 00:10:01,767 --> 00:10:00,099 THAT IT WENT THROUGH 329 00:10:02,701 --> 00:10:01,834 TRYING TO CORRECT THE FAULT. 330 00:10:04,403 --> 00:10:02,768 YOU KNOW, WELL, ASSUME 331 00:10:05,237 --> 00:10:04,470 I CAN'T HAVE TWO GYROS FAULT. 332 00:10:06,305 --> 00:10:05,304 MUST BE A COMPUTER 333 00:10:07,239 --> 00:10:06,372 THAT'S FAILED. 334 00:10:08,107 --> 00:10:07,306 IT SWITCHED OUT-- WE HAVEN'T 335 00:10:09,742 --> 00:10:08,174 DONE THE COMPUTER, 336 00:10:10,476 --> 00:10:09,809 SO IT SWITCHED OUT COMPUTERS. 337 00:10:11,443 --> 00:10:10,543 OH, IT CAN'T HAVE BEEN THAT, 338 00:10:12,144 --> 00:10:11,510 SO IT MUST BE SOMETHING ELSE. 339 00:10:13,779 --> 00:10:12,211 SO IT WENT THROUGH 340 00:10:14,446 --> 00:10:13,846 THIS WHOLE SEQUENCE OF 341 00:10:15,347 --> 00:10:14,513 TRYING THINGS. 342 00:10:16,882 --> 00:10:15,414 I MEAN, HOLY MACKEREL. 343 00:10:19,785 --> 00:10:16,949 THIS SPACECRAFT LOOKS LIKE 344 00:10:21,387 --> 00:10:19,852 IT'S GOING BONKERS. 345 00:10:25,424 --> 00:10:21,454 AND WE THOUGHT THAT 346 00:10:26,759 --> 00:10:25,491 WE'D LOST THE SPACECRAFT. 347 00:10:28,060 --> 00:10:26,826 >> FINALLY WE GOT TO SEPARATE 348 00:10:30,129 --> 00:10:28,127 FROM THE LAUNCH VEHICLE 349 00:10:33,866 --> 00:10:30,196 AND WE WERE ON OUR OWN. 350 00:10:35,034 --> 00:10:33,933 BUT THE PROBLEMS WEREN'T OVER. 351 00:10:50,449 --> 00:10:35,101 >> THE SPACECRAFT WAS NOW 352 00:10:52,017 --> 00:10:50,516 SLOWLY TUMBLING. 353 00:10:54,753 --> 00:10:52,084 >> CHRIS, HELP. 354 00:10:55,554 --> 00:10:54,820 [ LAUGHTER ] 355 00:10:56,422 --> 00:10:55,621 >> DO YOU REALIZE 356 00:10:58,223 --> 00:10:56,489 HOW TIRED I AM 357 00:10:59,591 --> 00:10:58,290 OF GIVING THIS TALK? 358 00:11:01,593 --> 00:10:59,658 [ LAUGHTER ] 359 00:11:03,128 --> 00:11:01,660 >> I DON'T CARE. 360 00:11:04,363 --> 00:11:03,195 >> OKAY, SO THERE'S A LONG 361 00:11:05,831 --> 00:11:04,430 VERSION AND A SHORT VERSION. 362 00:11:08,100 --> 00:11:05,898 I KIND OF LIKE THE WAY 363 00:11:08,934 --> 00:11:08,167 CASANI SET UP THE PACE OF THIS. 364 00:11:10,669 --> 00:11:09,001 THERE WERE A COUPLE OF 365 00:11:11,770 --> 00:11:10,736 GYRO SWAPS WHILE WE WERE STILL 366 00:11:12,805 --> 00:11:11,837 ON THE LAUNCH VEHICLE. 367 00:11:13,572 --> 00:11:12,872 OH, YEAH, THERE IT IS-- 368 00:11:14,206 --> 00:11:13,639 THAT PICTURE. 369 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:14,273 >> THERE YOU ARE, 370 00:11:17,009 --> 00:11:15,107 RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE. 371 00:11:17,843 --> 00:11:17,076 >> AND FAULT PROTECTION 372 00:11:20,145 --> 00:11:17,910 WAS FAIRLY QUIET 373 00:11:22,514 --> 00:11:20,212 UP 'TIL THAT POINT. 374 00:11:24,249 --> 00:11:22,581 WE DID THE INJECTION BURN 375 00:11:26,952 --> 00:11:24,316 WITH THE PROPULSION MODULE. 376 00:11:30,389 --> 00:11:27,019 THAT WAS JUST RIGHT ON. 377 00:11:32,858 --> 00:11:30,456 SEPARATED FROM THE PROPULSION 378 00:11:35,494 --> 00:11:32,925 MODULE, AND WE EXPERIENCED 379 00:11:36,995 --> 00:11:35,561 HIGH RATES, HIGH TIP-OFF RATES. 380 00:11:38,564 --> 00:11:37,062 AND SO WE ENDED UP 381 00:11:42,901 --> 00:11:38,631 SWITCHING THRUSTERS. 382 00:11:44,903 --> 00:11:42,968 AND SO FOUR THRUSTER SWAPS, 383 00:11:47,406 --> 00:11:44,970 TWO HIBIC SWAPS, 384 00:11:50,876 --> 00:11:47,473 AND A PROCESSOR SWAP LATER, 385 00:11:52,611 --> 00:11:50,943 ALL WITHIN 14 SECONDS, 386 00:11:55,647 --> 00:11:52,678 SOMETHING LIKE THAT-- 387 00:11:56,582 --> 00:11:55,714 WAS A VERY ACTIVE TIME 388 00:11:57,249 --> 00:11:56,649 FOR THE FAULT PROTECTION. 389 00:11:58,584 --> 00:11:57,316 WE'D NEVER DONE 390 00:11:59,284 --> 00:11:58,651 ANYTHING LIKE THAT IN TEST. 391 00:12:00,552 --> 00:11:59,351 IT WAS A VERY GOOD 392 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:00,619 STRESS TEST. 393 00:12:05,257 --> 00:12:01,787 [ LAUGHTER ] 394 00:12:06,625 --> 00:12:05,324 FOR THE VEHICLE, BUT IT WASN'T 395 00:12:09,728 --> 00:12:06,692 WHAT WE WERE LOOKING FOR. 396 00:12:11,930 --> 00:12:09,795 AND SO FINALLY, THE THING 397 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:11,997 THAT SAVED THE DAY WAS 398 00:12:17,202 --> 00:12:14,667 THAT PROCESSOR SWAP, BECAUSE 399 00:12:19,538 --> 00:12:17,269 THAT BROUGHT ONLINE A FRESH 400 00:12:21,406 --> 00:12:19,605 SOFTWARE LOAD SET AS THOUGH 401 00:12:23,008 --> 00:12:21,473 IT WERE FOR LAUNCH. 402 00:12:26,445 --> 00:12:23,075 ALL THE ERRORS, 403 00:12:28,213 --> 00:12:26,512 ACCRUED ERRORS ARE ZERO, 404 00:12:31,850 --> 00:12:28,280 AND SO IT WAS LIKE GIVING 405 00:12:34,052 --> 00:12:31,917 THE SPACECRAFT A SECOND CHANCE. 406 00:12:36,155 --> 00:12:34,119 AND THEN JUST WAIT FOR 407 00:12:38,056 --> 00:12:36,222 THE CRAFT TO RECOVER, 408 00:12:40,058 --> 00:12:38,123 AND RECOVER IT DID. 409 00:12:42,227 --> 00:12:40,125 WE GOT TO A POINT WHERE 410 00:12:43,962 --> 00:12:42,294 ALL THE COMMANDS, ALL THE CODED 411 00:12:48,033 --> 00:12:44,029 COMMANDS IN THE SEQUENCE 412 00:12:50,035 --> 00:12:48,100 HAD EXECUTED, BUT WE WERE NOT 413 00:12:53,305 --> 00:12:50,102 POINTED AT THE SUN. 414 00:12:54,540 --> 00:12:53,372 AND SO WE-- THE SPACECRAFT 415 00:12:56,441 --> 00:12:54,607 AUTOMATICALLY INITIATED 416 00:12:58,677 --> 00:12:56,508 A SUN SEARCH COMMAND, 417 00:13:01,647 --> 00:12:58,744 AND WE BEGAN TURNING 418 00:13:02,881 --> 00:13:01,714 IN AN EFFORT TO CATCH THE SUN. 419 00:13:04,016 --> 00:13:02,948 A THERMAL GUY ONCE TOLD ME, 420 00:13:05,450 --> 00:13:04,083 HE SAID, "WHEN IN DOUBT, 421 00:13:06,919 --> 00:13:05,517 "KEEP MOVING." 422 00:13:08,654 --> 00:13:06,986 AND THAT'S REALLY WHAT 423 00:13:11,557 --> 00:13:08,721 YOU NEED TO DO NEAR EARTH. 424 00:13:13,158 --> 00:13:11,624 AND SO WE GOT THROUGH 425 00:13:14,259 --> 00:13:13,225 THE FIRST TURN-- NO SUN. 426 00:13:15,861 --> 00:13:14,326 WE GOT THROUGH THE SECOND 427 00:13:17,462 --> 00:13:15,928 TURN-- NO SUN. 428 00:13:20,465 --> 00:13:17,529 AND THEN PARTWAY THROUGH 429 00:13:21,567 --> 00:13:20,532 THE THIRD TURN, WE SAW THE SUN 430 00:13:23,101 --> 00:13:21,634 IN THE SUN SENSITIVE 431 00:13:25,003 --> 00:13:23,168 FIELD OF VIEW, 432 00:13:25,671 --> 00:13:25,070 AND THE REST WAS EASY. 433 00:13:26,638 --> 00:13:25,738 >> AND ONE OF THE HARD 434 00:13:27,706 --> 00:13:26,705 PARTS OF THIS, THOUGH, WAS 435 00:13:30,375 --> 00:13:27,773 THE FACT THAT THERE WAS 436 00:13:32,711 --> 00:13:30,442 A QUESTION OF WHETHER TO RESET 437 00:13:34,580 --> 00:13:32,778 AND-- AND THE COOL GUY 438 00:13:36,582 --> 00:13:34,647 WHO SAID, "JUST LET IT GO," 439 00:13:37,683 --> 00:13:36,649 WAS THIS MAN HERE, WHO SAID-- 440 00:13:39,184 --> 00:13:37,750 >> TOO MODEST. 441 00:13:40,219 --> 00:13:39,251 >> YEAH. 442 00:13:41,553 --> 00:13:40,286 SAVED THE MISSION. 443 00:13:42,221 --> 00:13:41,620 >> HE DID. 444 00:13:44,089 --> 00:13:42,288 >> AND JUST IMAGINE HOW 445 00:13:50,429 --> 00:13:44,156 IT WOULD'VE BEEN DIFFERENTLY. 446 00:13:51,263 --> 00:13:50,496 [ APPLAUSE ] 447 00:13:52,431 --> 00:13:51,330 ALL RIGHT, WELL, WE HAVE TO 448 00:13:53,131 --> 00:13:52,498 GET ON, BECAUSE WE HAVEN'T 449 00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:53,198 EVEN GOTTEN OUT OF 450 00:13:55,267 --> 00:13:54,400 EARTH ORBIT YET. 451 00:13:56,201 --> 00:13:55,334 >> YEAH, THAT WAS JUST 452 00:13:57,769 --> 00:13:56,268 THE SHORT VERSION. 453 00:13:59,705 --> 00:13:57,836 [ LAUGHTER ] 454 00:14:00,873 --> 00:13:59,772 >> AND JUST TO SAY THAT 455 00:14:02,474 --> 00:14:00,940 THE SECOND LAUNCH 456 00:14:04,343 --> 00:14:02,541 HAD ITS PROBLEMS, ALSO. 457 00:14:06,044 --> 00:14:04,410 AND FORTUNATELY, THE COMPUTER 458 00:14:07,246 --> 00:14:06,111 WAS ABLE TO RECALCULATE, 459 00:14:08,714 --> 00:14:07,313 AND JUST A FEW SECONDS 460 00:14:10,215 --> 00:14:08,781 OF FUEL LEFT, I THINK. 461 00:14:11,617 --> 00:14:10,282 >> THE CENTAUR GUIDANCE-- 462 00:14:12,551 --> 00:14:11,684 >> YES, I KNOW-- NO PROBLEM 463 00:14:13,752 --> 00:14:12,618 WITH JPL ENGINEERING 464 00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:13,819 ON THAT ONE, NO. 465 00:14:16,321 --> 00:14:14,887 [ LAUGHTER ] 466 00:14:17,589 --> 00:14:16,388 SO THAT WAS GOOD. 467 00:14:18,457 --> 00:14:17,656 >> BY THE WAY, THERE WAS 468 00:14:19,424 --> 00:14:18,524 NO PROBLEM WITH JPL 469 00:14:20,659 --> 00:14:19,491 ENGINEERING ON THE FAULT 470 00:14:23,195 --> 00:14:20,726 PROTECTION, EITHER. 471 00:14:26,098 --> 00:14:23,262 [ LAUGHTER ] 472 00:14:26,932 --> 00:14:26,165 >> WELL NOTED, JUST WELL NOTED. 473 00:14:27,633 --> 00:14:26,999 >> FOR THOSE PEOPLE 474 00:14:29,167 --> 00:14:27,700 WHO MAY HAVE SEEN 475 00:14:29,968 --> 00:14:29,234 "THE FARTHEST" FILM, 476 00:14:30,903 --> 00:14:30,035 THERE'S A LITTLE BIT WITH 477 00:14:31,870 --> 00:14:30,970 CHARLEY AND ME IN IT 478 00:14:33,405 --> 00:14:31,937 IN THE BLACK HOUSE 479 00:14:34,406 --> 00:14:33,472 ON THE SECOND LAUNCH WHEN-- 480 00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:34,473 BUT THEY ALL DEPEND-- 481 00:14:36,408 --> 00:14:35,207 >> THIS IS CHARLEY KOHLHASE, 482 00:14:37,843 --> 00:14:36,475 WHO WAS VERY MUCH INVOLVED-- 483 00:14:38,844 --> 00:14:37,910 A GENIUS OF NAVIGATION 484 00:14:40,145 --> 00:14:38,911 ON VOYAGER THROUGHOUT 485 00:14:41,113 --> 00:14:40,212 ITS MISSION. 486 00:14:47,786 --> 00:14:41,180 GREAT JOB. 487 00:14:50,656 --> 00:14:47,853 [ APPLAUSE ] 488 00:14:51,590 --> 00:14:50,723 >> THE-- CHARLEY'S SITTING 489 00:14:52,457 --> 00:14:51,657 IN FRONT OF A CONSOLE, 490 00:14:53,158 --> 00:14:52,524 AND I'M SITTING NEXT TO HIM. 491 00:14:54,426 --> 00:14:53,225 AND HE LEANS OVER TO ME 492 00:14:55,427 --> 00:14:54,493 AND SAYS, "JOHN, 493 00:14:56,395 --> 00:14:55,494 "THIS DOESN'T LOOK GOOD." 494 00:14:57,396 --> 00:14:56,462 I SAID, "WHAT'S THE PROBLEM?" 495 00:14:58,063 --> 00:14:57,463 HE SAYS, "I DON'T THINK 496 00:15:00,198 --> 00:14:58,130 "WE'RE GOING TO ACHIEVE 497 00:15:01,433 --> 00:15:00,265 "THE VELOCITY THAT'S REQUIRED." 498 00:15:02,668 --> 00:15:01,500 AND WE SAID-- WE DIDN'T KNOW 499 00:15:04,369 --> 00:15:02,735 WHY OR ANYTHING, BUT IT WAS 500 00:15:06,305 --> 00:15:04,436 PRETTY CLEAR AT THE END OF 501 00:15:08,106 --> 00:15:06,372 THE SECOND STAGE BURN 502 00:15:09,374 --> 00:15:08,173 THAT WE HADN'T MADE IT. 503 00:15:10,609 --> 00:15:09,441 BUT THE SYSTEM WAS BEING 504 00:15:11,443 --> 00:15:10,676 GUIDED BY THE CENTAUR 505 00:15:12,277 --> 00:15:11,510 GUIDANCE SYSTEM, 506 00:15:13,345 --> 00:15:12,344 AND THE CENTAUR GUIDANCE 507 00:15:15,380 --> 00:15:13,412 SYSTEM KNEW THAT THERE HAD BEEN 508 00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:15,447 A DEFICIT OF VELOCITY, 509 00:15:17,816 --> 00:15:16,849 AND IT JUST KEPT THE CENTAUR 510 00:15:20,852 --> 00:15:17,883 ENGINES BURNING A LITTLE 511 00:15:23,188 --> 00:15:20,919 LONGER, AND WE MADE UP FOR IT. 512 00:15:24,122 --> 00:15:23,255 BUT THAT WAS AMAZING. 513 00:15:25,857 --> 00:15:24,189 AND WHAT HAPPENED-- THERE WAS 514 00:15:27,192 --> 00:15:25,924 A LEAK IN THE PROPELLANT LINE, 515 00:15:28,894 --> 00:15:27,259 AND PROPELLANT WAS BEING 516 00:15:31,330 --> 00:15:28,961 SPEWED OVERBOARD. 517 00:15:32,264 --> 00:15:31,397 DIDN'T CAUSE A FIRE ANYWHERE 518 00:15:34,099 --> 00:15:32,331 IT WASN'T SUPPOSED TO, 519 00:15:36,535 --> 00:15:34,166 BUT THAT'S ANOTHER STORY. 520 00:15:37,469 --> 00:15:36,602 >> SO AS VOYAGER 1 521 00:15:38,770 --> 00:15:37,536 WAS LEAVING, IT TOOK 522 00:15:40,572 --> 00:15:38,837 THIS AMAZING PICTURE 523 00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:40,639 I WANT TO SHOW YOU. 524 00:15:44,076 --> 00:15:41,907 VERY HISTORIC-- THE FIRST 525 00:15:48,613 --> 00:15:44,143 TIME WE SAW THE EARTH 526 00:15:49,548 --> 00:15:48,680 AND THE MOON TOGETHER. 527 00:15:51,817 --> 00:15:49,615 BUT LET'S GET ON TO 528 00:15:52,584 --> 00:15:51,884 OUR FIRST PLANET ENCOUNTER. 529 00:15:53,452 --> 00:15:52,651 SO IF WE COULD 530 00:15:56,421 --> 00:15:53,519 ROLL THAT VIDEO, 531 00:16:08,333 --> 00:15:56,488 LET'S GO TO JUPITER. 532 00:16:09,134 --> 00:16:08,400 [ MUSIC ] 533 00:16:10,402 --> 00:16:09,201 >> FOR SEVEN YEARS 534 00:16:12,104 --> 00:16:10,469 WE'D BEEN PREPARING, 535 00:16:13,572 --> 00:16:12,171 AND SUDDENLY FOR A PERIOD 536 00:16:15,307 --> 00:16:13,639 OF SEVERAL MONTHS, WE WERE 537 00:16:16,908 --> 00:16:15,374 OVERWHELMED WITH A FLOOD 538 00:16:21,580 --> 00:16:16,975 OF DISCOVERIES, ONE AFTER 539 00:16:22,247 --> 00:16:21,647 THE OTHER-- MANY EVERY DAY. 540 00:16:22,914 --> 00:16:22,314 ONE OF THE CHALLENGES 541 00:16:23,548 --> 00:16:22,981 WE HAD IN PLANNING, 542 00:16:24,282 --> 00:16:23,615 BECAUSE ALL OF THIS 543 00:16:25,217 --> 00:16:24,349 HAS TO BE PRE-PLANNED-- 544 00:16:26,284 --> 00:16:25,284 IT ALL HAS TO BE LOADED ONTO 545 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:26,351 THE SPACECRAFT AND THEN 546 00:16:30,255 --> 00:16:28,587 EXECUTED AUTOMATICALLY-- 547 00:16:31,056 --> 00:16:30,322 WHAT DO WE LOOK AT WHEN? 548 00:16:34,860 --> 00:16:31,123 WHAT DO WE OBSERVE 549 00:16:36,461 --> 00:16:34,927 AT WHAT TIME? 550 00:16:37,996 --> 00:16:36,528 >> STONE KNEW THAT 551 00:16:39,831 --> 00:16:38,063 TAKING THE POSITION WOULD MEAN 552 00:16:41,033 --> 00:16:39,898 COPING WITH SIZABLE SQUABBLES 553 00:16:43,535 --> 00:16:41,100 AMONG A SCIENCE TEAM 554 00:16:44,603 --> 00:16:43,602 NUMBERING OVER 200. 555 00:16:45,604 --> 00:16:44,670 >> I THINK THE POINT IS THAT 556 00:16:46,338 --> 00:16:45,671 WE DON'T WANT TO WORK 557 00:16:47,139 --> 00:16:46,405 THE PROBLEM HERE IF THERE ARE 558 00:16:50,609 --> 00:16:47,206 SOME PROBLEMS THAT THERE'S 559 00:16:51,810 --> 00:16:50,676 AN OUTSIDE FORUM TO DO IT. 560 00:16:52,878 --> 00:16:51,877 >> SURE. 561 00:16:53,779 --> 00:16:52,945 >> IT WAS A GREAT TRAINING 562 00:16:55,514 --> 00:16:53,846 GROUND FOR LEARNING 563 00:16:57,416 --> 00:16:55,581 HOW TO HANDLE CONFLICTING 564 00:16:58,083 --> 00:16:57,483 SCIENCE REQUIREMENTS. 565 00:16:59,951 --> 00:16:58,150 THERE'S A PHRASE THAT 566 00:17:02,320 --> 00:17:00,018 SHOWS UP IN DISCUSSING SCIENCE 567 00:17:04,056 --> 00:17:02,387 CONFLICTS-- "MY SCIENCE IS 568 00:17:05,924 --> 00:17:04,123 "BETTER THAN YOUR SCIENCE." 569 00:17:07,025 --> 00:17:05,991 AND IF THAT'S 570 00:17:08,026 --> 00:17:07,092 YOUR ONLY ARGUMENT, 571 00:17:08,693 --> 00:17:08,093 YOU'RE NOT GOING TO WIN. 572 00:17:10,495 --> 00:17:08,760 YOU'VE GOT TO CONVINCE 573 00:17:12,130 --> 00:17:10,562 THE OTHER GUYS THAT YOU'VE GOT 574 00:17:13,465 --> 00:17:12,197 A POINT THAT YOUR SCIENCE IS 575 00:17:17,235 --> 00:17:13,532 WORTH DOING, AND IT'S WORTH 576 00:17:19,104 --> 00:17:17,302 TRYING TO ACCOMMODATE IT. 577 00:17:20,605 --> 00:17:19,171 >> I REMEMBER BEING IN THE OPS 578 00:17:22,507 --> 00:17:20,672 CENTER AT THE FIRST JUPITER 579 00:17:24,509 --> 00:17:22,574 ENCOUNTER AND SEEING 580 00:17:27,012 --> 00:17:24,576 THESE PICTURES RETURN 581 00:17:28,847 --> 00:17:27,079 IN REAL TIME-- AN IMAGE 582 00:17:30,549 --> 00:17:28,914 EVERY 42 SECONDS, DOWNLINKED 583 00:17:33,418 --> 00:17:30,616 FROM THE SPACECRAFT-- 584 00:17:35,253 --> 00:17:33,485 AT THESE ODD-LOOKING WORLDS. 585 00:17:36,388 --> 00:17:35,320 JUST BLEW US AWAY. 586 00:17:45,097 --> 00:17:36,455 AND I REALLY EXPERIENCED 587 00:17:46,398 --> 00:17:45,164 THE SENSE OF DISCOVERY. 588 00:17:48,033 --> 00:17:46,465 >> AS WE APPROACHED IO, 589 00:17:49,935 --> 00:17:48,100 WE SAW AN OBJECT THAT 590 00:17:51,169 --> 00:17:50,002 LOOKED UNLIKE ANYTHING THAT 591 00:17:51,937 --> 00:17:51,236 WE'D EVER SEEN BEFORE. 592 00:17:57,742 --> 00:17:52,004 IN FACT, WE HAVE NOT SEEN 593 00:17:59,411 --> 00:17:57,809 ANYTHING LIKE IT SINCE. 594 00:18:00,679 --> 00:17:59,478 WE DID NOT UNDERSTAND 595 00:18:01,813 --> 00:18:00,746 WHAT WE WERE LOOKING AT AT ALL. 596 00:18:05,684 --> 00:18:01,880 IT WAS SO DIFFERENT THAN 597 00:18:06,918 --> 00:18:05,751 ANYTHING WE HAD IMAGINED. 598 00:18:09,121 --> 00:18:06,985 AND IT WAS ONLY AS WE WERE 599 00:18:10,188 --> 00:18:09,188 FLYING BY IO THAT A NAVIGATION 600 00:18:11,123 --> 00:18:10,255 IMAGE WAS TAKEN-- THAT IS, 601 00:18:12,424 --> 00:18:11,190 AN IMAGE TAKEN WITH 602 00:18:14,092 --> 00:18:12,491 A DEEP EXPOSURE TO FIND 603 00:18:15,360 --> 00:18:14,159 THE STARS IN THE BACKGROUND-- 604 00:18:17,596 --> 00:18:15,427 THAT NAVIGATION ENGINEER 605 00:18:19,297 --> 00:18:17,663 LINDA MORABITO NOTICED THAT 606 00:18:20,999 --> 00:18:19,364 THERE WAS THIS LARGE PLUME 607 00:18:25,203 --> 00:18:21,066 OFF THE LIMB OF THIS LITTLE 608 00:18:26,538 --> 00:18:25,270 MOON OF JUPITER. 609 00:18:28,940 --> 00:18:26,605 >> THE PHANTOM MOON TURNED OUT 610 00:18:31,143 --> 00:18:29,007 TO BE A GIGANTIC PLUME OF GAS 611 00:18:33,645 --> 00:18:31,210 AND DUST SHOOTING SKYWARD 612 00:18:34,880 --> 00:18:33,712 FROM A VOLCANO. 613 00:18:36,615 --> 00:18:34,947 >> AND THAT WAS THE FIRST 614 00:18:38,250 --> 00:18:36,682 INDICATION THAT THIS IS 615 00:18:39,951 --> 00:18:38,317 THE MOST VOLCANICALLY ACTIVE 616 00:18:41,553 --> 00:18:40,018 BODY IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM-- 617 00:18:44,256 --> 00:18:41,620 100 TIMES MORE VOLCANIC 618 00:18:44,856 --> 00:18:44,323 ACTIVITY THAN EARTH. 619 00:18:46,491 --> 00:18:44,923 AND YET, IT'S JUST 620 00:18:49,594 --> 00:18:46,558 A SMALL MOON ORBITING 621 00:18:50,495 --> 00:18:49,661 THIS GIANT PLANET. 622 00:18:51,630 --> 00:18:50,562 >> ALL TOLD, THE TWO 623 00:18:54,132 --> 00:18:51,697 VOYAGERS TOOK MORE THAN 624 00:18:58,069 --> 00:18:54,199 33,000 IMAGES OF JUPITER 625 00:18:59,171 --> 00:18:58,136 AND ITS MAJOR MOONS. 626 00:19:00,438 --> 00:18:59,238 WHAT THESE IMAGES AND 627 00:19:02,240 --> 00:19:00,505 THE OTHER SCIENCE RESULTS 628 00:19:03,475 --> 00:19:02,307 REVEALED WAS AN EXOTIC 629 00:19:06,611 --> 00:19:03,542 SYSTEM THAT WAS NOT ONLY 630 00:19:12,884 --> 00:19:06,678 VAST, BUT BEAUTIFUL, AND 631 00:19:15,287 --> 00:19:12,951 ALMOST BEYOND IMAGINING. 632 00:19:15,954 --> 00:19:15,354 [ APPLAUSE ] 633 00:19:18,957 --> 00:19:16,021 >> IT STILL TAKES YOUR BREATH 634 00:19:20,225 --> 00:19:19,024 AWAY, DOESN'T IT? 635 00:19:21,826 --> 00:19:20,292 SO ED, TWO QUESTIONS FOR YOU 636 00:19:24,162 --> 00:19:21,893 ABOUT THIS ENCOUNTER. 637 00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:24,229 ONE IS NOTHING LIKE THIS 638 00:19:26,565 --> 00:19:25,297 HAD REALLY HAPPENED WITH 639 00:19:27,699 --> 00:19:26,632 SCIENTISTS BEFORE, WHERE 640 00:19:29,267 --> 00:19:27,766 IT'S COMING DOWN SO QUICKLY 641 00:19:30,068 --> 00:19:29,334 AND THE PRESS IS-- 642 00:19:31,836 --> 00:19:30,135 AND THE PUBLIC IS WANTING 643 00:19:32,671 --> 00:19:31,903 TO SAY, "WHAT IS IT?" 644 00:19:33,805 --> 00:19:32,738 AND THIS WHOLE NOTION 645 00:19:35,273 --> 00:19:33,872 OF INSTANT SCIENCE THAT 646 00:19:35,840 --> 00:19:35,340 YOU WERE SO INVOLVED IN. 647 00:19:37,442 --> 00:19:35,907 CAN YOU TALK ABOUT 648 00:19:38,376 --> 00:19:37,509 THE DECISION THAT YOU MADE 649 00:19:39,211 --> 00:19:38,443 TO DO THAT? 650 00:19:40,679 --> 00:19:39,278 THAT WAS SORT OF A RISK 651 00:19:41,446 --> 00:19:40,746 IN ANOTHER WAY, WASN'T IT? 652 00:19:44,082 --> 00:19:41,513 >> YEAH, THIS ALL BEGAN 653 00:19:45,283 --> 00:19:44,149 WHEN I WAS UP AT AMES FOR 654 00:19:46,651 --> 00:19:45,350 THE PIONEER-10 ENCOUNTER 655 00:19:47,886 --> 00:19:46,718 WITH JUPITER, AND I WALKED 656 00:19:49,187 --> 00:19:47,953 INTO AN AUDITORIUM FULL OF 657 00:19:50,222 --> 00:19:49,254 REPORTERS WANTING TO KNOW 658 00:19:51,223 --> 00:19:50,289 WHAT WAS HAPPENING, 659 00:19:52,624 --> 00:19:51,290 WHAT WAS BEING DISCOVERED. 660 00:19:54,025 --> 00:19:52,691 I REALIZED WE HAD 661 00:19:56,294 --> 00:19:54,092 A WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY 662 00:19:58,430 --> 00:19:56,361 TO COMMUNICATE, BUT WE HAD TO 663 00:19:59,297 --> 00:19:58,497 PREPARE FOR THOSE INTERACTIONS 664 00:20:00,465 --> 00:19:59,364 SO THE PRESS COULD REALLY 665 00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:00,532 TELL THE STORY. 666 00:20:04,035 --> 00:20:01,767 AND SO WE SET UP A SCHEDULE 667 00:20:04,736 --> 00:20:04,102 OF SCIENCE DISCUSSIONS 668 00:20:05,737 --> 00:20:04,803 IN THE AFTERNOON, 669 00:20:07,038 --> 00:20:05,804 GETTING READY FOR THE PRESS 670 00:20:08,473 --> 00:20:07,105 CONFERENCE THE NEXT MORNING. 671 00:20:09,374 --> 00:20:08,540 THAT AFTERNOON, MORE SCIENCE 672 00:20:10,342 --> 00:20:09,441 FOR THE NEXT PRESS CONFERENCE 673 00:20:11,610 --> 00:20:10,409 THE NEXT MORNING. 674 00:20:13,812 --> 00:20:11,677 AND IT WAS A WAY OF DOING 675 00:20:15,247 --> 00:20:13,879 PEER REVIEW SO THAT IN FACT 676 00:20:16,815 --> 00:20:15,314 THERE WAS SOME ASSURANCE 677 00:20:18,583 --> 00:20:16,882 THAT WE WERE NOT 678 00:20:20,385 --> 00:20:18,650 TALKING NONSENSE. 679 00:20:21,753 --> 00:20:20,452 BUT WHEN YOU SEE THINGS LIKE 680 00:20:23,521 --> 00:20:21,820 EIGHT VOLCANOES, THAT'S 681 00:20:24,489 --> 00:20:23,588 A PRETTY EXCITING DISCOVERY, 682 00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:24,556 OF COURSE. 683 00:20:26,625 --> 00:20:25,657 BUT SINCE NOBODY HAD REALLY 684 00:20:27,792 --> 00:20:26,692 SUGGESTED THAT KIND OF 685 00:20:29,394 --> 00:20:27,859 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY-- 686 00:20:31,463 --> 00:20:29,461 TEN TIMES THAT OF EARTH. 687 00:20:33,398 --> 00:20:31,530 SO YEAH, I WAS-- 688 00:20:34,833 --> 00:20:33,465 THIS INSTANT SCIENCE WAS 689 00:20:35,934 --> 00:20:34,900 ALWAYS A CHALLENGE, BECAUSE 690 00:20:37,269 --> 00:20:36,001 SCIENTISTS REALLY ARE 691 00:20:38,203 --> 00:20:37,336 USED TO HAVING PEER REVIEW. 692 00:20:39,638 --> 00:20:38,270 AND THESE AFTERNOON 693 00:20:41,106 --> 00:20:39,705 SCIENCE DISCUSSIONS WERE 694 00:20:42,907 --> 00:20:41,173 OUR FORM OF PEER REVIEW, 695 00:20:44,976 --> 00:20:42,974 DECIDING WHAT'S READY FOR 696 00:20:46,911 --> 00:20:45,043 THE PRESS THE NEXT MORNING. 697 00:20:47,712 --> 00:20:46,978 NOW, AT THAT TIME, TO GET READY 698 00:20:48,713 --> 00:20:47,779 FOR THE NEXT MORNING, 699 00:20:50,649 --> 00:20:48,780 YOU HAD TO SEND MATERIAL OUT 700 00:20:52,083 --> 00:20:50,716 FOR PREPARATION. 701 00:20:53,385 --> 00:20:52,150 IMAGES-- THE IMAGING TEAM 702 00:20:54,719 --> 00:20:53,452 HAD TO CHOOSE WHICH IMAGES. 703 00:20:55,854 --> 00:20:54,786 THEY HAD TO WRITE THE CAPTIONS, 704 00:20:56,554 --> 00:20:55,921 PREPARE THEM FOR-- 705 00:20:58,590 --> 00:20:56,621 >> HAVE THEM PRINTED. 706 00:20:59,591 --> 00:20:58,657 >> NO DIGITAL THEN. 707 00:21:01,960 --> 00:20:59,658 >> NO DIGITAL-- IF YOU WANTED 708 00:21:03,695 --> 00:21:02,027 A PICTURE FROM VOYAGER, 709 00:21:04,629 --> 00:21:03,762 YOU HAD TO BE HERE 710 00:21:06,331 --> 00:21:04,696 COLLECTING IT. 711 00:21:07,098 --> 00:21:06,398 THERE WAS NO INTERNET. 712 00:21:08,066 --> 00:21:07,165 THERE WAS NONE OF THAT. 713 00:21:08,933 --> 00:21:08,133 IT WAS ALL-- 714 00:21:10,435 --> 00:21:09,000 YOU HAD TO BE HERE. 715 00:21:11,269 --> 00:21:10,502 SO PEOPLE WHO WERE HERE 716 00:21:12,804 --> 00:21:11,336 WERE REALLY-- WERE 717 00:21:14,406 --> 00:21:12,871 VERY ADVANTAGED. 718 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:14,473 TODAY, EVERYBODY CAN BE THERE, 719 00:21:17,309 --> 00:21:15,707 BUT THEN IN THOSE DAYS, ONLY 720 00:21:18,143 --> 00:21:17,376 A LIMITED NUMBER OF PEOPLE 721 00:21:19,911 --> 00:21:18,210 COULD HAVE THE SENSE OF 722 00:21:22,013 --> 00:21:19,978 DISCOVERY THAT WE ALL ENJOYED 723 00:21:23,782 --> 00:21:22,080 DAY AFTER DAY AFTER DAY. 724 00:21:25,283 --> 00:21:23,849 >> AND YOU KNOW, YOU SORT OF 725 00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:25,350 HAVE THIS THEME THAT 726 00:21:28,853 --> 00:21:27,986 GETS SET WITH JUPITER, 727 00:21:30,221 --> 00:21:28,920 THAT AS WE GO THROUGH 728 00:21:31,823 --> 00:21:30,288 WE'RE GOING TO SEE THE WHOLE 729 00:21:34,659 --> 00:21:31,890 JOURNEY THROUGH THE OUTER 730 00:21:37,662 --> 00:21:34,726 PLANETS, OF BEING GEOLOGICALLY 731 00:21:39,698 --> 00:21:37,729 ALIVE, AND THE MOONS BEING 732 00:21:40,865 --> 00:21:39,765 SO IMPORTANT. 733 00:21:41,933 --> 00:21:40,932 >> OF COURSE, THE MOONS 734 00:21:43,668 --> 00:21:42,000 BEFORE VOYAGER WERE JUST 735 00:21:45,337 --> 00:21:43,735 LITERALLY POINTS OF LIGHT. 736 00:21:46,838 --> 00:21:45,404 WE HAD SOME IDEA OF COLOR, 737 00:21:47,639 --> 00:21:46,905 BECAUSE THAT YOU CAN GET 738 00:21:48,606 --> 00:21:47,706 FROM A POINT OF LIGHT, 739 00:21:50,742 --> 00:21:48,673 BUT OTHER THAN THAT, 740 00:21:52,544 --> 00:21:50,809 WE HAD LITTLE TO KNOW ABOUT 741 00:21:53,311 --> 00:21:52,611 WHAT THESE WORLDS WERE LIKE. 742 00:21:54,879 --> 00:21:53,378 AND IT TURNS OUT 743 00:21:56,014 --> 00:21:54,946 THEY'RE ALL DIVERSE-- 744 00:21:56,948 --> 00:21:56,081 THEY'RE DISTINCT BODIES. 745 00:21:57,882 --> 00:21:57,015 THEY COULD'VE ALL BEEN 746 00:21:59,517 --> 00:21:57,949 HEAVILY CRATERED 747 00:22:02,153 --> 00:21:59,584 ANCIENT SURFACES. 748 00:22:03,321 --> 00:22:02,220 I THINK VERY FEW SURFACES 749 00:22:04,656 --> 00:22:03,388 HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE SOLAR 750 00:22:06,624 --> 00:22:04,723 SYSTEM-- IT'S A VERY ACTIVE 751 00:22:09,127 --> 00:22:06,691 PLACE OUT THERE TODAY. 752 00:22:14,466 --> 00:22:09,194 >> LET'S GO TO SATURN. 753 00:22:16,067 --> 00:22:14,533 [ MUSIC ] 754 00:22:17,736 --> 00:22:16,134 >> AS VOYAGER 1 BORE DOWN ON 755 00:22:18,636 --> 00:22:17,803 SATURN, THE SPACECRAFT 756 00:22:22,707 --> 00:22:18,703 WAS CLOCKING NEARLY 757 00:22:23,475 --> 00:22:22,774 A MILLION MILES A DAY. 758 00:22:24,676 --> 00:22:23,542 AND EACH DAY, 759 00:22:26,277 --> 00:22:24,743 SATURN REVEALED ITSELF 760 00:22:26,945 --> 00:22:26,344 IN SOME NEW WAY. 761 00:22:28,513 --> 00:22:27,012 >> THIS FAINT ONE 762 00:22:29,347 --> 00:22:28,580 AND THIS FAINT ONE. 763 00:22:30,782 --> 00:22:29,414 >> AMONG THE TREMENDOUS 764 00:22:32,117 --> 00:22:30,849 SURPRISES THERE WAS THAT 765 00:22:33,752 --> 00:22:32,184 WE COULD BE STILL MORE THAN 766 00:22:34,853 --> 00:22:33,819 A MILLION KILOMETERS AWAY 767 00:22:35,954 --> 00:22:34,920 AND WE COULD SEE STRUCTURE 768 00:22:37,322 --> 00:22:36,021 IN THE RINGS. 769 00:22:40,058 --> 00:22:37,389 >> YOU'RE RIGHT. 770 00:22:41,526 --> 00:22:40,125 LOOK AT THAT! 771 00:22:42,961 --> 00:22:41,593 >> MORE AND MORE, THE RINGS 772 00:22:49,033 --> 00:22:43,028 WERE REVEALING THEIR INTRICATE 773 00:22:50,468 --> 00:22:49,100 AND BAFFLING STRUCTURES. 774 00:22:51,536 --> 00:22:50,535 FOR MANY SCIENTISTS, 775 00:22:55,073 --> 00:22:51,603 THE MOON TITAN WAS 776 00:22:56,674 --> 00:22:55,140 AS IMPORTANT AS SATURN ITSELF. 777 00:22:57,809 --> 00:22:56,741 TITAN IS SO LARGE THAT 778 00:22:59,310 --> 00:22:57,876 IF IT ORBITED THE SUN 779 00:23:02,046 --> 00:22:59,377 RATHER THAN SATURN, 780 00:23:03,181 --> 00:23:02,113 IT WOULD BE CALLED A PLANET. 781 00:23:04,449 --> 00:23:03,248 IT WAS ALREADY KNOWN THAT 782 00:23:05,650 --> 00:23:04,516 THIS WAS THE ONLY MOON 783 00:23:10,955 --> 00:23:05,717 IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM HAVING 784 00:23:12,023 --> 00:23:11,022 A SUBSTANTIAL ATMOSPHERE. 785 00:23:13,525 --> 00:23:12,090 THIS MIGHT BE A PLACE, 786 00:23:14,859 --> 00:23:13,592 SOME SCIENTISTS THEORIZE, 787 00:23:17,395 --> 00:23:14,926 THAT RESEMBLED THE EARTH 788 00:23:19,097 --> 00:23:17,462 BEFORE LIFE AROSE. 789 00:23:23,201 --> 00:23:19,164 AND THAT MADE THIS MOON 790 00:23:24,369 --> 00:23:23,268 AN IRRESISTIBLE TARGET. 791 00:23:28,106 --> 00:23:24,436 BUT GETTING THE BEST POSSIBLE 792 00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:28,173 VIEWS CAME WITH A STEEP PRICE: 793 00:23:30,508 --> 00:23:29,608 IT REQUIRED VOYAGER 1'S 794 00:23:33,978 --> 00:23:30,575 TOUR OF THE PLANETS 795 00:23:35,914 --> 00:23:34,045 TO END AT SATURN. 796 00:23:37,515 --> 00:23:35,981 THAT WAS THE CHOICE MADE, 797 00:23:41,886 --> 00:23:37,582 FOR TITAN WAS DEEMED 798 00:23:43,521 --> 00:23:41,953 THAT IMPORTANT. 799 00:23:44,789 --> 00:23:43,588 >> THERE WAS THIS GREAT HOPE 800 00:23:45,890 --> 00:23:44,856 THAT WE'D BE SEEING DOWN 801 00:23:47,392 --> 00:23:45,957 TO THE SURFACE THROUGH 802 00:23:49,027 --> 00:23:47,459 THIS THICK ATMOSPHERE, 803 00:23:51,930 --> 00:23:49,094 AND WE WOULD DISCOVER 804 00:23:53,031 --> 00:23:51,997 AMAZING THINGS. 805 00:23:53,965 --> 00:23:53,098 AS WE GOT CLOSER, 806 00:23:55,467 --> 00:23:54,032 AT THE TIME WHEN WE SHOULD'VE 807 00:23:57,135 --> 00:23:55,534 STARTED TO SEE FEATURES 808 00:24:00,438 --> 00:23:57,202 AND RESOLUTION, IT WAS 809 00:24:01,739 --> 00:24:00,505 AWFULLY BLANK. 810 00:24:03,842 --> 00:24:01,806 >> ALTHOUGH THE HAZY IMAGES 811 00:24:04,876 --> 00:24:03,909 OF TITAN WERE DISAPPOINTING, 812 00:24:06,945 --> 00:24:04,943 THE ATMOSPHERE WAS FOUND 813 00:24:09,614 --> 00:24:07,012 TO BE, LIKE OUR PLANET, 814 00:24:12,083 --> 00:24:09,681 RICH IN NITROGEN. 815 00:24:16,754 --> 00:24:12,150 AS HOPED, THIS WAS IN SOME WAYS 816 00:24:19,123 --> 00:24:16,821 A PRIMORDIAL EARTH. 817 00:24:20,892 --> 00:24:19,190 AFTER TITAN, VOYAGER 1 SWEPT 818 00:24:22,193 --> 00:24:20,959 UNDERNEATH SATURN, AND THEN 819 00:24:23,995 --> 00:24:22,260 ROSE UP OUT OF THE PLANE 820 00:24:29,734 --> 00:24:24,062 OF THE ECLIPTIC AND HEADED 821 00:24:30,468 --> 00:24:29,801 UP TOWARDS INTERSTELLAR SPACE. 822 00:24:31,769 --> 00:24:30,535 >> TO LOOK AT THAT 823 00:24:33,404 --> 00:24:31,836 AND REALIZE THAT YOUR 824 00:24:35,006 --> 00:24:33,471 SPACECRAFT, YOU'RE BASICALLY 825 00:24:36,140 --> 00:24:35,073 SAYING-- IT MUST'VE FELT LIKE 826 00:24:37,008 --> 00:24:36,207 YOU WERE SAYING GOODBYE TO IT 827 00:24:37,775 --> 00:24:37,075 AT THAT POINT. 828 00:24:39,077 --> 00:24:37,842 YOU DIDN'T KNOW HOW LONG 829 00:24:40,912 --> 00:24:39,144 IT WOULD LAST, AND YOU BUILT 830 00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:40,979 THIS THING, AND BYE-BYE 831 00:24:43,882 --> 00:24:41,947 AFTER TITAN. 832 00:24:44,682 --> 00:24:43,949 WAS THAT TOUGH ON YOU 833 00:24:46,584 --> 00:24:44,749 AS AN ENGINEER 834 00:24:47,519 --> 00:24:46,651 OR AS A SCIENTIST? 835 00:24:48,686 --> 00:24:47,586 >> [ INDISTINCT ] 836 00:24:49,521 --> 00:24:48,753 ABOUT THAT. 837 00:24:50,455 --> 00:24:49,588 >> ACTUALLY, OF COURSE, 838 00:24:51,956 --> 00:24:50,522 THIS WAS JUST THE BEGINNING 839 00:24:53,691 --> 00:24:52,023 OF THE INTERSTELLAR MISSION. 840 00:24:55,460 --> 00:24:53,758 IN FACT, WHEN WE FINISHED 841 00:24:56,628 --> 00:24:55,527 SATURN-- BEFORE SATURN 842 00:24:58,229 --> 00:24:56,695 IT WAS CALLED THE JUPITER 843 00:24:59,764 --> 00:24:58,296 SATURN TITAN MISSION. 844 00:25:02,567 --> 00:24:59,831 AND FOR VOYAGER 2, IT WAS 845 00:25:04,836 --> 00:25:02,634 THE JUPITER SATURN X MISSIONS-- 846 00:25:06,204 --> 00:25:04,903 JSX-- JUPITER, SATURN, X, 847 00:25:08,473 --> 00:25:06,271 WHERE X WAS EITHER URANUS 848 00:25:10,241 --> 00:25:08,540 OR TITAN AGAIN. 849 00:25:11,276 --> 00:25:10,308 IF VOYAGER 1 HAD NOT FLOWN 850 00:25:12,443 --> 00:25:11,343 BY TITAN AND GOTTEN 851 00:25:13,411 --> 00:25:12,510 THE DATA, VOYAGER 2 852 00:25:14,612 --> 00:25:13,478 WOULD'VE DONE THE SAME THING 853 00:25:15,947 --> 00:25:14,679 AND ENDED UP GOING OUT OF 854 00:25:17,315 --> 00:25:16,014 THE PLANE OF THE ECLIPTIC, 855 00:25:18,750 --> 00:25:17,382 AND NO MORE PLANETS. 856 00:25:21,252 --> 00:25:18,817 SO IN THAT SENSE, VOYAGER 1 857 00:25:22,020 --> 00:25:21,319 DID ITS JOB FOR VOYAGER 2. 858 00:25:24,856 --> 00:25:22,087 >> WOULD YOU HAVE DONE THAT 859 00:25:26,124 --> 00:25:24,923 EVEN IF, WITH VOYAGER 1, 860 00:25:27,292 --> 00:25:26,191 YOU DIDN'T GET EXACTLY 861 00:25:28,860 --> 00:25:27,359 WHAT YOU WANTED AND YOU FELT 862 00:25:29,861 --> 00:25:28,927 LIKE YOU NEEDED TO GO BACK? 863 00:25:31,062 --> 00:25:29,928 >> I THINK WE WOULD NOT HAVE 864 00:25:33,097 --> 00:25:31,129 DONE THAT, BUT IF VOYAGER 1 865 00:25:34,532 --> 00:25:33,164 HAD NOT WORKED-- IN FACT, 866 00:25:35,633 --> 00:25:34,599 NASA SAID, "THIS IS 867 00:25:36,501 --> 00:25:35,700 "A MISSION TO SATURN. 868 00:25:37,702 --> 00:25:36,568 "YOU NEED TO DO 869 00:25:39,237 --> 00:25:37,769 "A SATURN MISSION." 870 00:25:40,071 --> 00:25:39,304 AND IF YOU WANT TO DO TITAN, 871 00:25:41,139 --> 00:25:40,138 WHICH IS CLEARLY A VERY 872 00:25:42,373 --> 00:25:41,206 IMPORTANT THING TO DO, 873 00:25:44,008 --> 00:25:42,440 YOU END UP OUT OF 874 00:25:44,776 --> 00:25:44,075 THE PLANE OF THE ECLIPTIC. 875 00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:44,843 >> THAT WAS A CLEAR GUIDANCE 876 00:25:48,212 --> 00:25:45,777 FROM HEADQUARTERS. 877 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:48,279 AND BUD SCHURMEIER WAS 878 00:25:51,149 --> 00:25:49,547 THE FIRST PROJECT MANAGER 879 00:25:53,718 --> 00:25:51,216 AND WAS VERY, VERY FIRM 880 00:25:54,819 --> 00:25:53,785 ON US OBSERVING THAT. 881 00:25:56,154 --> 00:25:54,886 WE WERE NOT TO LOOK AT 882 00:25:57,488 --> 00:25:56,221 ANYTHING BEYOND SATURN. 883 00:25:58,790 --> 00:25:57,555 THIS WAS A SATURN MISSION-- 884 00:25:59,824 --> 00:25:58,857 FOCUS ON SATURN. 885 00:26:01,192 --> 00:25:59,891 AND THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE 886 00:26:03,027 --> 00:26:01,259 AT SATURN WAS TITAN, 887 00:26:05,229 --> 00:26:03,094 AND IF WE DID NOT ACHIEVE 888 00:26:06,497 --> 00:26:05,296 ALL OF THE TITAN OBJECTIVES-- 889 00:26:07,465 --> 00:26:06,564 IS THE WAY I REMEMBER-- 890 00:26:09,067 --> 00:26:07,532 WE WERE GOING TO SEND 891 00:26:10,501 --> 00:26:09,134 ITS TWIN SPACECRAFT, 892 00:26:11,869 --> 00:26:10,568 VOYAGER 2, RIGHT BACK. 893 00:26:14,606 --> 00:26:11,936 THAT WAS THE PLAN. 894 00:26:15,506 --> 00:26:14,673 >> WE HAD TO TARGET VOYAGER 1 895 00:26:17,442 --> 00:26:15,573 AND VOYAGER 2 DIFFERENTLY 896 00:26:18,643 --> 00:26:17,509 AT SATURN, BECAUSE A SINGLE 897 00:26:20,511 --> 00:26:18,710 SPACECRAFT CAN FLY BY 898 00:26:21,079 --> 00:26:20,578 CLOSE TO ONLY ONE OR TWO 899 00:26:22,146 --> 00:26:21,146 OF THE MOONS. 900 00:26:23,481 --> 00:26:22,213 YOU CAN'T GET ALL FOUR. 901 00:26:24,716 --> 00:26:23,548 SO WHAT WE DID WAS 902 00:26:26,517 --> 00:26:24,783 TO PURPOSELY FOCUS VOYAGER 2 903 00:26:28,052 --> 00:26:26,584 ON EUROPA, WHICH WAS THE ONLY 904 00:26:29,587 --> 00:26:28,119 ONE OF THE FOUR MOONS THAT 905 00:26:30,555 --> 00:26:29,654 WE HAD NOT GOTTEN UP CLOSE. 906 00:26:32,190 --> 00:26:30,622 AND OF COURSE, WHAT WE 907 00:26:33,858 --> 00:26:32,257 DISCOVERED WAS IT LOOKED LIKE 908 00:26:35,927 --> 00:26:33,925 A CRACKED, ICY SURFACE 909 00:26:36,861 --> 00:26:35,994 ON A LIQUID WATER OCEAN. 910 00:26:38,029 --> 00:26:36,928 THAT'S WHAT IT LOOKED LIKE, 911 00:26:39,564 --> 00:26:38,096 AND-- WITH NO MOUNTAINS 912 00:26:42,066 --> 00:26:39,631 AND NO VALLEYS, AND JUST 913 00:26:43,501 --> 00:26:42,133 THESE CRACKS WHERE STUFF 914 00:26:45,637 --> 00:26:43,568 HAD COME OUT ON THE SURFACE 915 00:26:46,404 --> 00:26:45,704 OF THE ICE. 916 00:26:47,639 --> 00:26:46,471 >> ED TOLD ME IT LOOKED LIKE 917 00:26:49,307 --> 00:26:47,706 THE CUE BALL HE USED TO 918 00:26:51,175 --> 00:26:49,374 PLAY POOL WITH AT CALTECH. 919 00:26:52,510 --> 00:26:51,242 [ LAUGHTER ] 920 00:26:54,112 --> 00:26:52,577 >> SO, CHRIS, WE'VE HAD FIRE, 921 00:26:55,079 --> 00:26:54,179 AND NOW WE HAVE ICE. 922 00:26:57,181 --> 00:26:55,146 >> YES. 923 00:26:58,049 --> 00:26:57,248 >> ALWAYS VARIATION GOING ON. 924 00:27:01,185 --> 00:26:58,116 NOW, WE'RE ABOUT TO GO 925 00:27:02,320 --> 00:27:01,252 TO URANUS, AND SUZY, 926 00:27:03,354 --> 00:27:02,387 THIS IS WHERE YOU COME INTO 927 00:27:04,322 --> 00:27:03,421 THE PICTURE. 928 00:27:05,189 --> 00:27:04,389 >> YEAH, YEAH. 929 00:27:07,025 --> 00:27:05,256 >> YOU KNOW, YOU WERE JUST 930 00:27:08,259 --> 00:27:07,092 GETTING OUT OF COLLEGE. 931 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:08,326 >> RIGHT, A LITTLE COLLEGE 932 00:27:10,228 --> 00:27:09,227 DOWN THE STREET THERE 933 00:27:10,995 --> 00:27:10,295 IN PASADENA. 934 00:27:13,064 --> 00:27:11,062 I WENT TO CALTECH, 935 00:27:14,999 --> 00:27:13,131 SO IT WAS CLOSE BY. 936 00:27:17,502 --> 00:27:15,066 AND A MATTER OF FACT, 937 00:27:20,471 --> 00:27:17,569 I FOUND OUT ABOUT THE JOB 938 00:27:22,340 --> 00:27:20,538 AT JPL FROM BEING ON CAMPUS, 939 00:27:23,875 --> 00:27:22,407 AND PEOPLE THAT KNOW ME KNOW 940 00:27:24,575 --> 00:27:23,942 THAT I DO A LOT OF SWIMMING. 941 00:27:25,843 --> 00:27:24,642 THE PERSON IN THE LANE 942 00:27:28,546 --> 00:27:25,910 NEXT TO ME SAID, "HEY, 943 00:27:30,381 --> 00:27:28,613 "I HEAR ABOUT THIS JOB AT JPL," 944 00:27:31,783 --> 00:27:30,448 AND IT'S GREAT. 945 00:27:32,784 --> 00:27:31,850 IT'S BEEN FABULOUS. 946 00:27:34,585 --> 00:27:32,851 >> WELL, LET'S GO 947 00:27:37,922 --> 00:27:34,652 AND RELIVE THAT EXPERIENCE 948 00:27:39,257 --> 00:27:37,989 AT URANUS NOW. 949 00:27:41,359 --> 00:27:39,324 >> AFTER TRIUMPHS AT JUPITER 950 00:27:42,627 --> 00:27:41,426 AND SATURN, VOYAGER 2 WAS 951 00:27:44,262 --> 00:27:42,694 CLOSING IN ON THE FIRST 952 00:27:51,169 --> 00:27:44,329 ENCOUNTER EVER WITH 953 00:27:52,637 --> 00:27:51,236 THE ICE GIANT PLANET URANUS. 954 00:27:59,077 --> 00:27:52,704 VOYAGER'S JOURNEY TO THIS POINT 955 00:28:00,144 --> 00:27:59,144 HAD TAKEN OVER EIGHT YEARS. 956 00:28:01,279 --> 00:28:00,211 AND THE WEAR AND TEAR OF 957 00:28:04,382 --> 00:28:01,346 A BILLION MILES WAS 958 00:28:05,316 --> 00:28:04,449 BEGINNING TO SHOW. 959 00:28:06,684 --> 00:28:05,383 THE SCAN PLATFORM THAT 960 00:28:11,322 --> 00:28:06,751 MOVED VOYAGER'S CAMERA 961 00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:11,389 WAS PRONE TO SEIZING UP. 962 00:28:13,524 --> 00:28:12,457 TRANSMITTING INSTRUCTIONS 963 00:28:15,460 --> 00:28:13,591 TO THE SPACECRAFT WAS 964 00:28:16,661 --> 00:28:15,527 AN ELABORATE CHORE, 965 00:28:18,362 --> 00:28:16,728 AS THE PRIMARY RECEIVER 966 00:28:19,764 --> 00:28:18,429 WAS NO LONGER FUNCTIONING 967 00:28:23,101 --> 00:28:19,831 AND THE BACKUP WAS ONLY 968 00:28:24,235 --> 00:28:23,168 PARTIALLY WORKING. 969 00:28:27,438 --> 00:28:24,302 GETTING A SIGNAL BACK FROM 970 00:28:28,906 --> 00:28:27,505 VOYAGER WAS A CHALLENGE, TOO. 971 00:28:32,243 --> 00:28:28,973 ONE WAY TRANSMISSION TIME 972 00:28:33,945 --> 00:28:32,310 NOW TOOK THREE HOURS. 973 00:28:35,379 --> 00:28:34,012 >> THE EXTENSION OF THE MISSION 974 00:28:37,148 --> 00:28:35,446 TO URANUS AND NEPTUNE 975 00:28:39,117 --> 00:28:37,215 I THINK HIGHLIGHTS REALLY 976 00:28:40,585 --> 00:28:39,184 ONE OF THE UNSUNG HEROES 977 00:28:44,322 --> 00:28:40,652 OF JPL, AND THAT'S 978 00:28:45,757 --> 00:28:44,389 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK. 979 00:28:46,958 --> 00:28:45,824 >> THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK 980 00:28:48,426 --> 00:28:47,025 IS A GROUP OF ANTENNAS 981 00:28:51,028 --> 00:28:48,493 ARRAYED IN THREE STRATEGIC 982 00:28:52,497 --> 00:28:51,095 LOCATIONS AROUND THE GLOBE. 983 00:28:53,598 --> 00:28:52,564 THIS IS THE ESSENTIAL LINK 984 00:28:55,133 --> 00:28:53,665 FOR TRACKING AND COMMUNICATING 985 00:28:59,704 --> 00:28:55,200 WITH ALL OF NASA'S 986 00:29:00,338 --> 00:28:59,771 INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT. 987 00:29:01,205 --> 00:29:00,405 >> THOSE ENCOUNTERS AT 988 00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:01,272 URANUS AND NEPTUNE WOULD'VE 989 00:29:03,674 --> 00:29:02,407 BEEN IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT 990 00:29:04,876 --> 00:29:03,741 WHAT THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK, 991 00:29:07,411 --> 00:29:04,943 THE DSN, DID 992 00:29:08,079 --> 00:29:07,478 TO GET THAT DATA BACK. 993 00:29:08,980 --> 00:29:08,146 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT, 994 00:29:10,381 --> 00:29:09,047 YOU'VE GOT THE VOYAGER 995 00:29:11,783 --> 00:29:10,448 RADIO TRANSMITTER POWERED 996 00:29:13,151 --> 00:29:11,850 AT ABOUT 23 WATTS, 997 00:29:15,319 --> 00:29:13,218 WHICH IS ABOUT THE POWER OF 998 00:29:16,587 --> 00:29:15,386 YOUR REFRIGERATOR LIGHT BULB. 999 00:29:17,655 --> 00:29:16,654 AND WE'RE TRYING TO PICK UP 1000 00:29:18,623 --> 00:29:17,722 THAT SIGNAL HERE ON EARTH 1001 00:29:20,792 --> 00:29:18,690 FROM WELL OVER 1002 00:29:22,994 --> 00:29:20,859 A BILLION MILES AWAY. 1003 00:29:24,629 --> 00:29:23,061 AND PICKING OUT THAT VERY TINY 1004 00:29:26,063 --> 00:29:24,696 LITTLE SIGNAL FROM THAT VAST 1005 00:29:27,465 --> 00:29:26,130 BACKGROUND OF OUTER SPACE 1006 00:29:28,232 --> 00:29:27,532 IS REALLY A REMARKABLE 1007 00:29:34,338 --> 00:29:28,299 ACHIEVEMENT, WHEN YOU 1008 00:29:35,373 --> 00:29:34,405 THINK ABOUT IT. 1009 00:29:36,808 --> 00:29:35,440 >> URANUS WAS A REAL 1010 00:29:39,076 --> 00:29:36,875 PLANNING CHALLENGE, 1011 00:29:41,579 --> 00:29:39,143 AND THE REASON WHY IS ONE, 1012 00:29:42,914 --> 00:29:41,646 WE ONLY GET ONE SHOT, AND TWO, 1013 00:29:45,349 --> 00:29:42,981 URANUS IS KIND OF TURNED UP 1014 00:29:47,585 --> 00:29:45,416 ON ITS EDGE, AND WE'RE NOW-- 1015 00:29:48,986 --> 00:29:47,652 INSTEAD OF SEEING THE MOONS 1016 00:29:49,987 --> 00:29:49,053 IN A KIND OF PLANE WHERE 1017 00:29:51,489 --> 00:29:50,054 YOU CAN FLY THROUGH THIS PLANE 1018 00:29:55,126 --> 00:29:51,556 AND GET ONE AFTER THE OTHER, 1019 00:29:55,693 --> 00:29:55,193 WE'RE LOOKING AT A BULLSEYE. 1020 00:29:57,028 --> 00:29:55,760 >> THAT MEANT THAT 1021 00:29:58,229 --> 00:29:57,095 THE FLY-BY OF URANUS 1022 00:29:58,996 --> 00:29:58,296 AND ITS MOONS AND RINGS 1023 00:30:02,867 --> 00:29:59,063 WOULD OCCUR 1024 00:30:04,068 --> 00:30:02,934 NEARLY SIMULTANEOUSLY. 1025 00:30:06,404 --> 00:30:04,135 COPING WITH SO MUCH TO SEE 1026 00:30:07,939 --> 00:30:06,471 IN SUCH A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME 1027 00:30:12,643 --> 00:30:08,006 WOULD MAKE THIS THE MOST INTENSE 1028 00:30:13,311 --> 00:30:12,710 OF ALL THE VOYAGER ENCOUNTERS. 1029 00:30:15,112 --> 00:30:13,378 >> YOU'RE GIVEN 1030 00:30:15,847 --> 00:30:15,179 THIS PULSE OF DATA 1031 00:30:17,048 --> 00:30:15,914 NO ONE'S EVER SEEN, 1032 00:30:18,082 --> 00:30:17,115 AND YOU GET IT ALL AT ONCE. 1033 00:30:19,317 --> 00:30:18,149 YOU GET HIGH RESOLUTION-- 1034 00:30:20,218 --> 00:30:19,384 IT COMES OUT VERY, VERY QUICKLY 1035 00:30:21,552 --> 00:30:20,285 BECAUSE THESE MOONS ARE SMALL 1036 00:30:23,921 --> 00:30:21,619 AND YOU'RE FLYING BY 1037 00:30:24,822 --> 00:30:23,988 AT LARGE VELOCITY. 1038 00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:24,889 SO IN A BLINK OF AN EYE, 1039 00:30:27,158 --> 00:30:25,657 BASICALLY, YOU GO 1040 00:30:27,959 --> 00:30:27,225 FROM VERY LOW RESOLUTION IMAGE 1041 00:30:28,893 --> 00:30:28,026 TO IN YOUR FACE, 1042 00:30:32,530 --> 00:30:28,960 HIGH RESOLUTION, 1043 00:30:33,764 --> 00:30:32,597 AND THEN GONE AGAIN. 1044 00:30:34,699 --> 00:30:33,831 >> THE INITIAL CALCULATION 1045 00:30:36,467 --> 00:30:34,766 SHOWED THAT WE WERE 1046 00:30:37,501 --> 00:30:36,534 IN GREAT DANGER OF GETTING 1047 00:30:38,769 --> 00:30:37,568 REALLY FUZZY PICTURES 1048 00:30:42,006 --> 00:30:38,836 OF PRACTICALLY EVERYTHING 1049 00:30:42,607 --> 00:30:42,073 IF WE DIDN'T DO SOMETHING. 1050 00:30:44,141 --> 00:30:42,674 AND SO WE ACTUALLY 1051 00:30:45,376 --> 00:30:44,208 DID SOME RE-ENGINEERING 1052 00:30:47,912 --> 00:30:45,443 OF THE SPACECRAFT WITH THE HELP 1053 00:30:48,646 --> 00:30:47,979 OF THE ENGINEERING TEAMS. 1054 00:30:51,916 --> 00:30:48,713 WE CALLED IT 1055 00:30:52,783 --> 00:30:51,983 OUR ANTI-SMEAR CAMPAIGN. 1056 00:30:55,519 --> 00:30:52,850 WE BASICALLY IMPROVED 1057 00:30:56,487 --> 00:30:55,586 OUR CAMERA PLATFORM IN FLIGHT 1058 00:31:03,194 --> 00:30:56,554 BY REMOTELY CHANGING 1059 00:31:05,029 --> 00:31:03,261 HOW WE OPERATED IT. 1060 00:31:06,063 --> 00:31:05,096 >> WELL, SUZY, IT STARTS OFF 1061 00:31:07,265 --> 00:31:06,130 THAT SEGMENT TALKING ABOUT 1062 00:31:08,366 --> 00:31:07,332 THIS UNSUNG HERO 1063 00:31:09,967 --> 00:31:08,433 OF THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK. 1064 00:31:11,469 --> 00:31:10,034 YOU NOW ARE THE DIRECTOR 1065 00:31:14,205 --> 00:31:11,536 OF THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK, 1066 00:31:16,040 --> 00:31:14,272 AND WHY DON'T YOU TELL US 1067 00:31:18,843 --> 00:31:16,107 WHY IT WAS SUCH AN UNSUNG HERO. 1068 00:31:20,044 --> 00:31:18,910 >> WELL, I THINK ANY MISSION, 1069 00:31:21,178 --> 00:31:20,111 DEEP SPACE MISSION, DEPENDS ON 1070 00:31:23,414 --> 00:31:21,245 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK. 1071 00:31:25,216 --> 00:31:23,481 AND THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK 1072 00:31:26,384 --> 00:31:25,283 STARTED APPROXIMATELY 1073 00:31:28,619 --> 00:31:26,451 IN THE EARLY '60s, 1074 00:31:30,488 --> 00:31:28,686 AND AS ED LIKES TO SAY, 1075 00:31:32,356 --> 00:31:30,555 VOYAGER AND THE DSN 1076 00:31:33,324 --> 00:31:32,423 GREW UP TOGETHER. 1077 00:31:34,292 --> 00:31:33,391 THERE WERE A LOT OF 1078 00:31:35,893 --> 00:31:34,359 ENHANCEMENTS MADE TO 1079 00:31:38,763 --> 00:31:35,960 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK, 1080 00:31:40,398 --> 00:31:38,830 PARTICULARLY FOR VOYAGER. 1081 00:31:41,799 --> 00:31:40,465 ONE OF THE ENHANCEMENTS 1082 00:31:43,734 --> 00:31:41,866 WAS BEING ABLE TO 1083 00:31:46,037 --> 00:31:43,801 ARRAY ANTENNAS ON THE GROUND 1084 00:31:48,105 --> 00:31:46,104 FOR THE URANUS DOWNLINK. 1085 00:31:49,707 --> 00:31:48,172 AND BETWEEN THE URANUS 1086 00:31:50,708 --> 00:31:49,774 AND NEPTUNE ENCOUNTER, 1087 00:31:52,410 --> 00:31:50,775 WE INCREASED THE SIZE 1088 00:31:54,745 --> 00:31:52,477 OF THE 64-METER ANTENNAS 1089 00:31:56,514 --> 00:31:54,812 TO 70 METERS, 1090 00:31:58,649 --> 00:31:56,581 JUST PARTICULARLY FOR VOYAGER, 1091 00:31:59,717 --> 00:31:58,716 AS WELL AS AT NEPTUNE 1092 00:32:01,385 --> 00:31:59,784 IN PARTICULAR, WE HAD 1093 00:32:03,721 --> 00:32:01,452 TO ARRAY OTHER ASSETS BESIDES 1094 00:32:04,655 --> 00:32:03,788 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK-- 1095 00:32:05,289 --> 00:32:04,722 THE VERY LARGE ARRAY. 1096 00:32:06,924 --> 00:32:05,356 WE ARRAYED 1097 00:32:08,759 --> 00:32:06,991 INTO THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK 1098 00:32:12,096 --> 00:32:08,826 TO GET THE DATA BACK. 1099 00:32:14,065 --> 00:32:12,163 AND YOU KNOW, THE DSN FOLKS 1100 00:32:14,832 --> 00:32:14,132 ARE VERY DEDICATED 1101 00:32:16,534 --> 00:32:14,899 TO WHAT THEY DO. 1102 00:32:17,868 --> 00:32:16,601 THEY ARE THE UNSUNG HEROES. 1103 00:32:20,304 --> 00:32:17,935 YOU WOULD GET ZERO DATA BACK 1104 00:32:21,238 --> 00:32:20,371 FROM ANY MISSION FROM MARS 1105 00:32:22,206 --> 00:32:21,305 AND BEYOND WITHOUT 1106 00:32:25,176 --> 00:32:22,273 THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK. 1107 00:32:26,978 --> 00:32:25,243 AND HONESTLY, THEY'RE SORT OF 1108 00:32:32,416 --> 00:32:27,045 HAPPY TO SIT IN THE BACKGROUND 1109 00:32:33,184 --> 00:32:32,483 AND JUST BE PART OF THE CROWD, 1110 00:32:35,052 --> 00:32:33,251 SO TO SPEAK. 1111 00:32:37,822 --> 00:32:35,119 BUT IT'S A VERY IMPORTANT 1112 00:32:39,023 --> 00:32:37,889 FUNCTION, AND WE WOULDN'T 1113 00:32:41,625 --> 00:32:39,090 HAVE THE DATA WE HAVE TODAY 1114 00:32:42,860 --> 00:32:41,692 WITHOUT THE ANTENNAS. 1115 00:32:47,465 --> 00:32:42,927 >> AND CHRIS, WE'RE NOW 1116 00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:47,532 AT THE POINT WHERE VOYAGER 2 1117 00:32:51,068 --> 00:32:49,567 IS AGING, AND I THINK 1118 00:32:52,837 --> 00:32:51,135 IT'S ARTHRITIC IN THE ARM, 1119 00:32:54,238 --> 00:32:52,904 IT'S A LITTLE HARD OF HEARING, 1120 00:32:55,406 --> 00:32:54,305 OR A LOT OF HARD OF HEARING. 1121 00:32:57,408 --> 00:32:55,473 CAN YOU TALK ABOUT SOME OF 1122 00:32:59,243 --> 00:32:57,475 THE ENGINEERING CHALLENGES 1123 00:33:00,578 --> 00:32:59,310 THAT YOU HAVE WITH 1124 00:33:01,912 --> 00:33:00,645 THE SPACECRAFT AT THIS POINT? 1125 00:33:02,847 --> 00:33:01,979 >> WELL, I MEAN, ONE THING 1126 00:33:05,049 --> 00:33:02,914 YOU NOTICE RIGHT AWAY 1127 00:33:06,584 --> 00:33:05,116 IS THAT THERE'S VERY LITTLE 1128 00:33:08,319 --> 00:33:06,651 REDUNDANCY LEFT. 1129 00:33:09,520 --> 00:33:08,386 >> TODAY IT'S LIKE 1130 00:33:10,087 --> 00:33:09,587 ZERO REDUNDANCY. 1131 00:33:10,855 --> 00:33:10,154 >> YES. 1132 00:33:11,922 --> 00:33:10,922 >> ON EITHER SPACECRAFT. 1133 00:33:16,894 --> 00:33:11,989 >> THAT'S RIGHT, THAT'S RIGHT. 1134 00:33:19,764 --> 00:33:16,961 AND THE PROBLEM THAT GIVES YOU 1135 00:33:21,265 --> 00:33:19,831 IS YOU STILL HAVE PEOPLE 1136 00:33:22,566 --> 00:33:21,332 ON THE TEAM WHO WANT TO 1137 00:33:26,837 --> 00:33:22,633 FIGURE OUT SOME WAY TO 1138 00:33:28,973 --> 00:33:26,904 USE THE EQUIPMENT THAT WE HAVE-- 1139 00:33:30,574 --> 00:33:29,040 EVEN IF IT FAILS, YOU KNOW, 1140 00:33:31,909 --> 00:33:30,641 IS THERE A WAY WE CAN 1141 00:33:34,011 --> 00:33:31,976 GO THROUGH SOME BACK DOOR 1142 00:33:37,515 --> 00:33:34,078 AND FIND ANOTHER FUNCTION 1143 00:33:38,249 --> 00:33:37,582 THAT WE CAN USE INSTEAD? 1144 00:33:39,617 --> 00:33:38,316 THOSE THINGS DON'T EXIST, 1145 00:33:41,152 --> 00:33:39,684 REALLY, BUT IT KEEPS 1146 00:33:43,487 --> 00:33:41,219 THE TEAM SHARP. 1147 00:33:46,190 --> 00:33:43,554 AND IT MAKES THEM THINK 1148 00:33:48,192 --> 00:33:46,257 OF OTHER CREATIVE IDEAS 1149 00:33:50,828 --> 00:33:48,259 TO MAKE THE MISSION 1150 00:33:52,329 --> 00:33:50,895 THAT WE HAVE AHEAD OF US 1151 00:33:53,397 --> 00:33:52,396 STILL A VERY MEANINGFUL MISSION. 1152 00:33:54,498 --> 00:33:53,464 >> I THINK IT'S 1153 00:33:55,666 --> 00:33:54,565 REALLY SPECTACULAR, TOO, 1154 00:33:57,001 --> 00:33:55,733 WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT. 1155 00:33:58,102 --> 00:33:57,068 THERE'S TWO SPACECRAFT 1156 00:34:00,204 --> 00:33:58,169 THAT ARE STILL OPERATING-- 1157 00:34:01,539 --> 00:34:00,271 NOT JUST ONE, BUT TWO THAT HAVE 1158 00:34:04,041 --> 00:34:01,606 GONE FROM A FOUR-YEAR MISSION 1159 00:34:05,609 --> 00:34:04,108 TO A FOUR-DECADE MISSION, 1160 00:34:07,878 --> 00:34:05,676 AND THAT'S REALLY REMARKABLE. 1161 00:34:09,447 --> 00:34:07,945 AND I'VE READ A LOT 1162 00:34:11,549 --> 00:34:09,514 ON THE HISTORY OF VOYAGER, 1163 00:34:15,352 --> 00:34:11,616 AND PICKING UP ON SOMETHING 1164 00:34:17,154 --> 00:34:15,419 THAT JOHN SAID, YOU KNOW, 1165 00:34:18,055 --> 00:34:17,221 IT WAS DESIGNED 1166 00:34:19,757 --> 00:34:18,122 AS A FOUR-YEAR MISSION. 1167 00:34:20,591 --> 00:34:19,824 THE ENGINEERS OR THE-- 1168 00:34:21,692 --> 00:34:20,658 LET'S JUST PUT IT THIS WAY-- 1169 00:34:23,994 --> 00:34:21,759 THE MANAGERS WERE TOLD 1170 00:34:25,396 --> 00:34:24,061 NOT TO THINK BEYOND FOUR YEARS. 1171 00:34:26,597 --> 00:34:25,463 THE ENGINEERS ALL THOUGHT 1172 00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:26,664 BEYOND FOUR YEARS. 1173 00:34:28,899 --> 00:34:28,266 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE HISTORY 1174 00:34:30,401 --> 00:34:28,966 OF IT, THEY'LL SAY, 1175 00:34:32,403 --> 00:34:30,468 "WELL, I HAD A CHOICE BETWEEN 1176 00:34:33,737 --> 00:34:32,470 "PART A AND PART B. 1177 00:34:34,605 --> 00:34:33,804 "PART B WAS GOING TO 1178 00:34:35,873 --> 00:34:34,672 "LAST ME LONGER. 1179 00:34:37,608 --> 00:34:35,940 "I CHOSE THAT PART. 1180 00:34:38,642 --> 00:34:37,675 "I DIDN'T TELL MY BOSS. 1181 00:34:40,845 --> 00:34:38,709 "YOU KNOW, I WANTED TO MAKE IT 1182 00:34:43,481 --> 00:34:40,912 "AS ROBUST AS POSSIBLE." 1183 00:34:44,281 --> 00:34:43,548 AND IT'S TRUE-- I THINK 1184 00:34:45,149 --> 00:34:44,348 THE BOSSES KIND OF 1185 00:34:46,617 --> 00:34:45,216 LOOKED A DIFFERENT WAY. 1186 00:34:47,418 --> 00:34:46,684 AS LONG AS IT DIDN'T 1187 00:34:48,786 --> 00:34:47,485 AFFECT THE BUDGET TOO MUCH, 1188 00:34:50,221 --> 00:34:48,853 THE BOSS LOOKED THE OTHER WAY, 1189 00:34:52,523 --> 00:34:50,288 AND VOYAGER WAS BUILT 1190 00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:52,590 AS ROBUSTLY AS POSSIBLE. 1191 00:34:53,924 --> 00:34:53,357 >> WELL, YOU'RE ABSOLUTELY 1192 00:34:57,795 --> 00:34:53,991 RIGHT ABOUT THAT. 1193 00:34:59,930 --> 00:34:57,862 I WAS THE MANAGER OF DIVISION 34 1194 00:35:00,798 --> 00:34:59,997 BEFORE I WENT OVER TO VOYAGER. 1195 00:35:02,233 --> 00:35:00,865 AND WHAT I TOLD THE PEOPLE 1196 00:35:03,901 --> 00:35:02,300 IN DIVISION 34 WAS, 1197 00:35:05,136 --> 00:35:03,968 "LOOK, WE'VE GOT TO BE 1198 00:35:06,604 --> 00:35:05,203 "VERY, VERY SURE THAT WE DON'T 1199 00:35:08,239 --> 00:35:06,671 "BUILD ANYTHING INTO 1200 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:08,306 "THIS SPACECRAFT DESIGN-WISE 1201 00:35:11,442 --> 00:35:09,707 "THAT'S GOING TO LIMIT ITS LIFE, 1202 00:35:13,043 --> 00:35:11,509 "OTHER THAN THE EXPENDABLES." 1203 00:35:14,178 --> 00:35:13,110 AND WE MADE SOME DESIGN CHANGES 1204 00:35:15,079 --> 00:35:14,245 THAT I NEVER TOLD 1205 00:35:17,481 --> 00:35:15,146 SCHURMEIER ABOUT. 1206 00:35:18,616 --> 00:35:17,548 [ LAUGHTER ] 1207 00:35:19,283 --> 00:35:18,683 ALONG THOSE LINES. 1208 00:35:20,918 --> 00:35:19,350 >> BUT ONE OF THOSE 1209 00:35:23,587 --> 00:35:20,985 WAS THE SUN SENSOR, 1210 00:35:24,522 --> 00:35:23,654 THE SUN SENSOR AT SATURN-- 1211 00:35:26,290 --> 00:35:24,589 YOU'RE DOWN A FACTOR OF 100. 1212 00:35:27,324 --> 00:35:26,357 YOU COULD DESIGN IT FOR THAT, 1213 00:35:28,325 --> 00:35:27,391 AND THEN AS SOON AS YOU LEAVE-- 1214 00:35:29,593 --> 00:35:28,392 GO BEYOND SATURN, 1215 00:35:30,528 --> 00:35:29,660 GUESS WHAT-- YOU COULDN'T 1216 00:35:31,195 --> 00:35:30,595 SEE THE SUN ANYMORE. 1217 00:35:33,030 --> 00:35:31,262 SO IN FACT, 1218 00:35:34,365 --> 00:35:33,097 THEY PUT AN OP AMP IN 1219 00:35:37,034 --> 00:35:34,432 TO INCREASE THE GAIN 1220 00:35:40,137 --> 00:35:37,101 SO THAT IN FACT NOW WE'RE ALMOST 1221 00:35:41,071 --> 00:35:40,204 140 ASTRONOMICAL UNITS AWAY, 1222 00:35:42,540 --> 00:35:41,138 AND IT STILL KNOWS 1223 00:35:43,274 --> 00:35:42,607 WHERE THE SUN IS. 1224 00:35:45,242 --> 00:35:43,341 >> SO I THINK THERE'S 1225 00:35:46,343 --> 00:35:45,309 SO MUCH FORESIGHT GIVEN 1226 00:35:47,578 --> 00:35:46,410 BY THE PART OF THE ENGINEERS 1227 00:35:48,612 --> 00:35:47,645 AND THE SCIENTISTS TO SAY, 1228 00:35:50,181 --> 00:35:48,679 "WE WANT TO MAKE THIS 1229 00:35:51,849 --> 00:35:50,248 "AN INTERSTELLAR MISSION." 1230 00:35:53,951 --> 00:35:51,916 AS JOHN SAID, "DON'T DO ANYTHING 1231 00:35:55,152 --> 00:35:54,018 "THAT SCREWS THAT UP, 1232 00:35:56,187 --> 00:35:55,219 "AND DO WHATEVER'S IN YOUR POWER 1233 00:35:57,922 --> 00:35:56,254 "TO MAKE THIS MISSION 1234 00:35:58,822 --> 00:35:57,989 "LAST AS LONG AS POSSIBLE." 1235 00:36:01,592 --> 00:35:58,889 >> YOU KNOW, SUZY, 1236 00:36:04,228 --> 00:36:01,659 I WANTED TO ASK YOU ABOUT-- 1237 00:36:05,863 --> 00:36:04,295 AS ENGINEERING, WHAT CAN 1238 00:36:08,399 --> 00:36:05,930 YOU LEARN FROM VOYAGER THAT, 1239 00:36:09,466 --> 00:36:08,466 FOR THESE YOUNG ENGINEERS HERE, 1240 00:36:10,634 --> 00:36:09,533 WHO MAY NOT EVEN-- 1241 00:36:11,202 --> 00:36:10,701 WEREN'T BORN-- 1242 00:36:11,769 --> 00:36:11,269 >> YEAH, I ALWAYS 1243 00:36:12,736 --> 00:36:11,836 LIKE TO ASK THAT. 1244 00:36:13,370 --> 00:36:12,803 YOU KNOW, AS A SHOW OF HANDS, 1245 00:36:14,705 --> 00:36:13,437 PEOPLE THAT ARE 1246 00:36:17,474 --> 00:36:14,772 ACTUALLY 40 OR UNDER, 1247 00:36:18,842 --> 00:36:17,541 IF YOU WANT TO ADMIT IT. 1248 00:36:21,011 --> 00:36:18,909 ALL RIGHT, HEY, VERY GOOD. 1249 00:36:22,112 --> 00:36:21,078 [ APPLAUSE ] 1250 00:36:23,347 --> 00:36:22,179 THAT'S GREAT, THAT'S GREAT. 1251 00:36:24,915 --> 00:36:23,414 >> SO YOU KNOW, LET'S TAKE 1252 00:36:27,184 --> 00:36:24,982 A MOMENT HERE AND SEE IF WE CAN 1253 00:36:28,452 --> 00:36:27,251 JUST IMPART SOME WISDOM. 1254 00:36:29,119 --> 00:36:28,519 >> I WILL ADD MY TWO CENTS. 1255 00:36:30,354 --> 00:36:29,186 I'LL ASK CHRIS 1256 00:36:31,755 --> 00:36:30,421 TO ADD HIS IN A MINUTE-- 1257 00:36:32,923 --> 00:36:31,822 BECAUSE CHRIS DESIGNED IT, 1258 00:36:34,992 --> 00:36:32,990 AND HE'S NOW COME BACK 1259 00:36:37,194 --> 00:36:35,059 TO HELP US WORK THROUGH 1260 00:36:39,863 --> 00:36:37,261 THE NEXT TEN YEARS 1261 00:36:40,864 --> 00:36:39,930 OF THE MISSION, LET'S SAY. 1262 00:36:41,532 --> 00:36:40,931 BUT I HAVE TWO TAKEAWAYS. 1263 00:36:42,666 --> 00:36:41,599 THE FIRST ONE I KIND OF 1264 00:36:43,801 --> 00:36:42,733 MENTIONED, WAS THE FACT THAT 1265 00:36:45,469 --> 00:36:43,868 THE ENGINEERS DESIGNED IT 1266 00:36:47,338 --> 00:36:45,536 TO BE AS ROBUST AS POSSIBLE. 1267 00:36:48,606 --> 00:36:47,405 I THINK YOU CAN TAKE THAT AWAY 1268 00:36:49,306 --> 00:36:48,673 FOR ANY MISSION 1269 00:36:50,941 --> 00:36:49,373 YOU'RE BUILDING-- 1270 00:36:52,910 --> 00:36:51,008 BUT DO YOUR BEST JOB 1271 00:36:54,645 --> 00:36:52,977 AND BUILD IN THE ROBUSTNESS 1272 00:36:57,514 --> 00:36:54,712 TO MAKE THOSE ROVERS 1273 00:36:59,083 --> 00:36:57,581 LAST MORE THAN 90 DAYS, 1274 00:36:59,950 --> 00:36:59,150 LAST MORE THAN 2 YEARS, 1275 00:37:01,885 --> 00:37:00,017 OR WHATEVER MISSION 1276 00:37:04,888 --> 00:37:01,952 YOU'RE WORKING ON. 1277 00:37:08,993 --> 00:37:04,955 SECONDLY, DOCUMENT WHAT YOU DO. 1278 00:37:11,829 --> 00:37:09,060 [ LAUGHTER ] 1279 00:37:12,696 --> 00:37:11,896 THIS HAS BEEN-- 1280 00:37:14,064 --> 00:37:12,763 [ APPLAUSE ] 1281 00:37:16,634 --> 00:37:14,131 THIS IS WHERE 1282 00:37:21,705 --> 00:37:16,701 CHRIS CAN CHIME IN. 1283 00:37:22,506 --> 00:37:21,772 AS WE ARE INTO THE 41st YEAR 1284 00:37:24,008 --> 00:37:22,573 OF THE VOYAGER MISSION, 1285 00:37:25,843 --> 00:37:24,075 WE ARE TRYING TO GO BACK 1286 00:37:28,545 --> 00:37:25,910 AND LOOK AT WHY DECISIONS 1287 00:37:29,813 --> 00:37:28,612 WERE MADE ON FAULT PROTECTION, 1288 00:37:31,315 --> 00:37:29,880 OR DESIGNS IN THE SOFTWARE, 1289 00:37:33,017 --> 00:37:31,382 AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 1290 00:37:34,885 --> 00:37:33,084 AND OFTENTIMES, YOU CAN ACTUALLY 1291 00:37:35,653 --> 00:37:34,952 FIND THE DECISION, 1292 00:37:36,887 --> 00:37:35,720 BUT YOU CAN'T FIND 1293 00:37:39,089 --> 00:37:36,954 ANY OF THE DISCUSSION 1294 00:37:40,858 --> 00:37:39,156 OF WHY THE DECISION WAS MADE. 1295 00:37:43,394 --> 00:37:40,925 AND WHEN I GO BACK 1296 00:37:44,328 --> 00:37:43,461 AND ASK CHRIS, 1297 00:37:46,930 --> 00:37:44,395 "WHAT DID YOU MEAN WHEN 1298 00:37:50,401 --> 00:37:46,997 "YOU WROTE THIS MEMO IN 1982," 1299 00:37:51,769 --> 00:37:50,468 AND HE'S LIKE, "UMMM... 1300 00:37:53,437 --> 00:37:51,836 "LET ME GO SEE WHAT I CAN FIND 1301 00:37:55,306 --> 00:37:53,504 "IN A BOX THAT I'VE SENT OUT 1302 00:37:56,140 --> 00:37:55,373 "TO ARCHIVES," YOU KNOW. 1303 00:37:56,874 --> 00:37:56,207 >> AT LEAST I DOCUMENTED IT. 1304 00:37:58,275 --> 00:37:56,941 >> YEAH. 1305 00:38:02,880 --> 00:37:58,342 [ LAUGHTER ] 1306 00:38:03,781 --> 00:38:02,947 SO IN THE FURY 1307 00:38:05,582 --> 00:38:03,848 OF GETTING READY TO 1308 00:38:08,052 --> 00:38:05,649 GET A MISSION LAUNCHED, 1309 00:38:09,086 --> 00:38:08,119 YOU'RE DESIGNING THINGS-- 1310 00:38:10,554 --> 00:38:09,153 KEEP A RECORD 1311 00:38:11,689 --> 00:38:10,621 OF WHAT YOU DESIGNED. 1312 00:38:12,990 --> 00:38:11,756 KEEP THE RATIONALE. 1313 00:38:15,225 --> 00:38:13,057 KEEP THOSE NOTEBOOKS. 1314 00:38:16,327 --> 00:38:15,292 ED STONE CAN GO IN HIS OFFICE 1315 00:38:17,861 --> 00:38:16,394 AND PULL OUT A NOTEBOOK 1316 00:38:19,129 --> 00:38:17,928 FROM 1979 AND GO TO 1317 00:38:20,764 --> 00:38:19,196 THE EXACT PAGE HE NEEDS 1318 00:38:22,032 --> 00:38:20,831 TO GO TO TO FIND AN ANSWER. 1319 00:38:24,201 --> 00:38:22,099 I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY OF YOU 1320 00:38:25,636 --> 00:38:24,268 COULD DO THAT. 1321 00:38:27,404 --> 00:38:25,703 SO IT'S IMPORTANT 1322 00:38:29,807 --> 00:38:27,471 TO DOCUMENT THE RATIONALE 1323 00:38:31,408 --> 00:38:29,874 FOR DECISIONS, AND IT WILL 1324 00:38:33,510 --> 00:38:31,475 HELP THE PEOPLE 1325 00:38:35,012 --> 00:38:33,577 WHO FLY THE MISSION. 1326 00:38:35,679 --> 00:38:35,079 AND IF YOU'RE A PERSON 1327 00:38:36,747 --> 00:38:35,746 THAT GENERALLY 1328 00:38:38,982 --> 00:38:36,814 JUST BUILDS SPACECRAFT 1329 00:38:40,718 --> 00:38:39,049 AND THEN GOES TO THE NEXT THING 1330 00:38:41,952 --> 00:38:40,785 YOU'RE BUILDING AND YOU'RE NOT 1331 00:38:44,221 --> 00:38:42,019 INVOLVED IN THE OPERATIONS, 1332 00:38:45,456 --> 00:38:44,288 IT'S KEY FOR YOU TO PASS ON 1333 00:38:47,624 --> 00:38:45,523 THAT DEVELOPMENT KNOWLEDGE 1334 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:47,691 TO THE OPERATIONS PEOPLE. 1335 00:38:52,129 --> 00:38:50,227 YOUR SUCCESS AS A DEVELOPER IS-- 1336 00:38:53,197 --> 00:38:52,196 DEPENDS ON THE SUCCESS 1337 00:38:54,498 --> 00:38:53,264 OF THE MISSION GETTING 1338 00:38:56,900 --> 00:38:54,565 THE SCIENCE BACK, 1339 00:38:57,801 --> 00:38:56,967 AND SO YOU NEED TO HELP 1340 00:38:59,370 --> 00:38:57,868 THE OPERATIONS FOLKS 1341 00:39:01,271 --> 00:38:59,437 BY DOING DUE DILIGENCE 1342 00:39:03,841 --> 00:39:01,338 IN THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE. 1343 00:39:04,641 --> 00:39:03,908 >> WHEN WE TAKE ON A NEW TASK-- 1344 00:39:06,210 --> 00:39:04,708 AND I DID SOME THINGS THAT 1345 00:39:08,912 --> 00:39:06,277 I NEVER TOLD JOHN ABOUT-- 1346 00:39:09,747 --> 00:39:08,979 [ LAUGHTER ] 1347 00:39:10,848 --> 00:39:09,814 >> HE USED TO WORK FOR ME-- 1348 00:39:12,182 --> 00:39:10,915 HE KNEW BETTER. 1349 00:39:13,317 --> 00:39:12,249 [ LAUGHTER ] 1350 00:39:14,952 --> 00:39:13,384 TO MOVE THE STATE 1351 00:39:17,621 --> 00:39:15,019 OF THE ART FORWARD, 1352 00:39:21,158 --> 00:39:17,688 TO IMPROVE THE SYSTEMS 1353 00:39:22,159 --> 00:39:21,225 THAT WE BUILD SO THAT THEY CAN 1354 00:39:24,294 --> 00:39:22,226 GET THE BEST SCIENCE-- 1355 00:39:25,662 --> 00:39:24,361 NOT JUST THE REQUIRED SCIENCE, 1356 00:39:26,463 --> 00:39:25,729 BUT THE BEST SCIENCE. 1357 00:39:27,097 --> 00:39:26,530 THEN, YOU KNOW, 1358 00:39:27,798 --> 00:39:27,164 THERE'S SOME THINGS 1359 00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:27,865 THAT WE COULD BE DOING 1360 00:39:30,634 --> 00:39:29,767 THAT MAKE A LOT OF SENSE. 1361 00:39:33,837 --> 00:39:30,701 I'M NOT TELLING YOU NOT TO 1362 00:39:38,409 --> 00:39:33,904 TELL YOUR BOSS, BUT I THINK 1363 00:39:40,177 --> 00:39:38,476 THERE'S A LOT OF CAPABILITY HERE 1364 00:39:41,445 --> 00:39:40,244 THAT DOESN'T GET EXERCISED 1365 00:39:43,514 --> 00:39:41,512 BECAUSE WE LIMIT OURSELVES 1366 00:39:44,415 --> 00:39:43,581 TO WHAT THE LAST SYSTEM 1367 00:39:50,020 --> 00:39:44,482 LOOKED LIKE. 1368 00:39:50,754 --> 00:39:50,087 [ APPLAUSE ] 1369 00:39:51,355 --> 00:39:50,821 >> THEY LIKE THAT. 1370 00:39:51,889 --> 00:39:51,422 >> I GUESS. 1371 00:39:52,456 --> 00:39:51,956 >> ANYTHING FROM 1372 00:39:54,591 --> 00:39:52,523 THE SCIENCE SIDE 1373 00:39:55,259 --> 00:39:54,658 FOR YOUNG SCIENTISTS HERE? 1374 00:39:58,729 --> 00:39:55,326 >> WELL, I THINK 1375 00:39:59,663 --> 00:39:58,796 THE INTERESTING THING JPL DOES 1376 00:40:01,365 --> 00:39:59,730 IS MISSIONS THAT GO 1377 00:40:02,466 --> 00:40:01,432 WHERE NOTHING'S BEEN BEFORE, 1378 00:40:03,734 --> 00:40:02,533 DO THINGS THAT HAVEN'T 1379 00:40:04,368 --> 00:40:03,801 BEEN DONE BEFORE. 1380 00:40:05,335 --> 00:40:04,435 THAT'S WHAT SCIENCE 1381 00:40:06,804 --> 00:40:05,402 IS ALL ABOUT, 1382 00:40:07,738 --> 00:40:06,871 IS OBSERVING NATURE 1383 00:40:09,072 --> 00:40:07,805 AND UNDERSTANDING NATURE. 1384 00:40:11,041 --> 00:40:09,139 AND I THINK THAT'S THE-- 1385 00:40:12,609 --> 00:40:11,108 AND WHAT'S REQUIRED 1386 00:40:13,410 --> 00:40:12,676 IS AN INVESTMENT. 1387 00:40:15,179 --> 00:40:13,477 IN THE CASE OF VOYAGER, 1388 00:40:18,015 --> 00:40:15,246 WE SPENT FIVE YEARS FROM 1389 00:40:19,983 --> 00:40:18,082 THE START OF PROJECT TO LAUNCH. 1390 00:40:20,717 --> 00:40:20,050 AND NO SCIENCE FOR FIVE YEARS, 1391 00:40:21,618 --> 00:40:20,784 BUT GETTING READY. 1392 00:40:24,688 --> 00:40:21,685 AND THEN WHEN WE FINALLY 1393 00:40:25,856 --> 00:40:24,755 GOT THERE IN 1979, IT WAS JUST 1394 00:40:27,157 --> 00:40:25,923 LOTS AND LOTS OF SCIENCE-- 1395 00:40:28,559 --> 00:40:27,224 EXCITING, BUT YOU HAVE 1396 00:40:29,593 --> 00:40:28,626 TO BE PATIENT. 1397 00:40:31,862 --> 00:40:29,660 IT DOESN'T HAPPEN QUICKLY, 1398 00:40:33,764 --> 00:40:31,929 BUT YOU HAVE TO BE PATIENT. 1399 00:40:35,332 --> 00:40:33,831 >> ALL RIGHT, WELL, I THINK 1400 00:40:38,302 --> 00:40:35,399 OUR SPACECRAFT VOYAGER 2 1401 00:40:39,736 --> 00:40:38,369 IS ON ITS WAY NOW TO NEPTUNE. 1402 00:40:43,307 --> 00:40:39,803 LET'S SEE IF WE CAN GO THERE 1403 00:40:43,941 --> 00:40:43,374 AND SEE WHAT HAPPENED. 1404 00:40:45,876 --> 00:40:44,008 >> THE SCIENTISTS 1405 00:40:48,879 --> 00:40:45,943 KNEW THAT THIS WAS 1406 00:40:49,546 --> 00:40:48,946 AN EPIC MAKING EXPERIENCE. 1407 00:40:51,215 --> 00:40:49,613 THEIR KNOWLEDGE 1408 00:40:52,716 --> 00:40:51,282 OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM 1409 00:40:53,417 --> 00:40:52,783 WAS ADVANCING SO QUICKLY 1410 00:40:54,751 --> 00:40:53,484 JUST BECAUSE OF 1411 00:40:55,385 --> 00:40:54,818 THESE ENCOUNTERS. 1412 00:40:56,920 --> 00:40:55,452 AND I THINK THE SCIENTISTS 1413 00:40:57,955 --> 00:40:56,987 REALIZED THIS. 1414 00:40:58,889 --> 00:40:58,022 THEY GOT CAUGHT UP 1415 00:40:59,690 --> 00:40:58,956 IN THIS ENTHUSIASM. 1416 00:41:01,325 --> 00:40:59,757 THEIR CURIOSITY 1417 00:41:05,696 --> 00:41:01,392 WAS BUBBLING OVER. 1418 00:41:06,530 --> 00:41:05,763 [ CHEERING ] 1419 00:41:08,332 --> 00:41:06,597 I THINK THAT ULTIMATELY 1420 00:41:08,999 --> 00:41:08,399 WAS ALSO PART OF WHAT DROVE 1421 00:41:10,901 --> 00:41:09,066 THE PUBLIC RESPONSE-- 1422 00:41:14,471 --> 00:41:10,968 THAT THE PUBLIC SENSED 1423 00:41:17,774 --> 00:41:14,538 THE SCIENTIFIC EXCITEMENT. 1424 00:41:19,109 --> 00:41:17,841 [ MUSIC ] 1425 00:41:21,111 --> 00:41:19,176 NEWS CREWS 1426 00:41:21,778 --> 00:41:21,178 START DESCENDING ON JPL. 1427 00:41:22,446 --> 00:41:21,845 YOU START HAVING 1428 00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:22,513 ALL THESE NEWS VANS 1429 00:41:25,949 --> 00:41:24,715 OUT IN THE PARKING LOT. 1430 00:41:27,751 --> 00:41:26,016 YOU HAVE THE PRESS CONFERENCES 1431 00:41:31,221 --> 00:41:27,818 ATTENDED BY HUNDREDS 1432 00:41:32,723 --> 00:41:31,288 OF PEOPLE FROM THE MEDIA. 1433 00:41:34,291 --> 00:41:32,790 >> --RINGS, PERHAPS IN TERMS 1434 00:41:35,125 --> 00:41:34,358 OF PLANETARY FORMATION. 1435 00:41:36,460 --> 00:41:35,192 >> ONE CAN HAVE 1436 00:41:37,995 --> 00:41:36,527 GRAVITATIONAL INSTABILITIES 1437 00:41:38,562 --> 00:41:38,062 WHERE THE RINGS-- 1438 00:41:39,696 --> 00:41:38,629 >> --WHICH WAS SOMETHING 1439 00:41:40,964 --> 00:41:39,763 THAT I THINK YOU DIDN'T SEE 1440 00:41:42,032 --> 00:41:41,031 PREVIOUSLY FOR A LOT 1441 00:41:42,933 --> 00:41:42,099 OF SCIENTIFIC EVENTS. 1442 00:41:45,202 --> 00:41:43,000 I THINK THAT'S FAIRLY SAFE 1443 00:41:46,370 --> 00:41:45,269 TO SAY. 1444 00:41:47,504 --> 00:41:46,437 >> NORMALLY MY EXPERIENCE 1445 00:41:48,272 --> 00:41:47,571 HAD BEEN GETTING 1446 00:41:50,274 --> 00:41:48,339 PRESS ATTENTION, 1447 00:41:51,108 --> 00:41:50,341 WANTING TO TELL MY STORY. 1448 00:41:54,077 --> 00:41:51,175 IN THIS CASE, THE PRESS 1449 00:41:55,078 --> 00:41:54,144 WANTED US TO TELL THE STORY. 1450 00:41:56,813 --> 00:41:55,145 >> THEY HAD BECOME, IN A SENSE, 1451 00:41:57,881 --> 00:41:56,880 KIND OF SPACE JUNKIES. 1452 00:41:58,715 --> 00:41:57,948 THEY LIKED THE SPACE PROGRAM, 1453 00:41:59,950 --> 00:41:58,782 THEY KNEW ABOUT IT, 1454 00:42:01,818 --> 00:42:00,017 AND THEY BECAME, IN A SENSE, 1455 00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:01,885 ALMOST FANS OF JPL. 1456 00:42:04,087 --> 00:42:02,786 >> WHAT IS THE ALBEDO 1457 00:42:06,857 --> 00:42:04,154 OF CLEAN ICE THAT IS 1458 00:42:08,659 --> 00:42:06,924 NOT EXACTLY PURELY CLEAN ICE 1459 00:42:10,294 --> 00:42:08,726 AND NOT EXACTLY DIRTY ICE? 1460 00:42:11,695 --> 00:42:10,361 >> TWO ROWS BACK, PLEASE. 1461 00:42:14,031 --> 00:42:11,762 >> DO YOU HAVE A ROUGH HANDLE 1462 00:42:14,831 --> 00:42:14,098 ON WHAT THE ORBITAL PERIOD 1463 00:42:16,934 --> 00:42:14,898 OR THE VELOCITY 1464 00:42:19,236 --> 00:42:17,001 OF A THEORETICAL MOON IN 1465 00:42:19,937 --> 00:42:19,303 THE CASSINI DIVISION WOULD BE? 1466 00:42:20,571 --> 00:42:20,004 >> IN THE SECOND ROW HERE 1467 00:42:21,972 --> 00:42:20,638 THERE'S BEEN A HAND UP 1468 00:42:22,573 --> 00:42:22,039 FOR SOME TIME. 1469 00:42:23,507 --> 00:42:22,640 >> WE SEEM TO BE LOSING 1470 00:42:24,474 --> 00:42:23,574 THE DISTINCTION 1471 00:42:25,809 --> 00:42:24,541 BETWEEN SMALL MOONS 1472 00:42:27,110 --> 00:42:25,876 AND LARGE RING PARTICLES. 1473 00:42:28,245 --> 00:42:27,177 AND I'D LIKE TO KNOW 1474 00:42:29,212 --> 00:42:28,312 IF ANYBODY IS ABLE 1475 00:42:30,547 --> 00:42:29,279 TO COME UP WITH A DEFINITION 1476 00:42:31,214 --> 00:42:30,614 OF WHICH IS WHICH. 1477 00:42:31,915 --> 00:42:31,281 THOSE OF US THAT 1478 00:42:33,951 --> 00:42:31,982 LIKE TO COUNT MOONS 1479 00:42:34,885 --> 00:42:34,018 ARE STARTING TO GET WORRIED. 1480 00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:34,952 >> WITH EACH ENCOUNTER, 1481 00:42:38,822 --> 00:42:37,187 VOYAGER BECAME BETTER KNOWN, 1482 00:42:41,158 --> 00:42:38,889 AND SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 1483 00:42:42,225 --> 00:42:41,225 WERE MORE MEDIA-SAVVY. 1484 00:42:43,460 --> 00:42:42,292 SOME WERE EVEN DOUBLING UP 1485 00:42:44,294 --> 00:42:43,527 AS NEWS ANCHORS. 1486 00:42:46,096 --> 00:42:44,361 >> THIS MORNING WE HAVE 1487 00:42:46,930 --> 00:42:46,163 DR. JAY HOLBERG. 1488 00:42:48,932 --> 00:42:46,997 I JUST GOT ASKED. 1489 00:42:51,602 --> 00:42:48,999 I THINK JPL WAS LOOKING 1490 00:42:52,769 --> 00:42:51,669 FOR A YOUNG FEMALE ENGINEER 1491 00:42:54,271 --> 00:42:52,836 WHO KNEW SOMETHING 1492 00:42:55,339 --> 00:42:54,338 ABOUT THE VOYAGER PROJECT 1493 00:42:57,407 --> 00:42:55,406 AND WHAT VOYAGER 1494 00:42:59,209 --> 00:42:57,474 WAS GOING TO DO. 1495 00:43:01,244 --> 00:42:59,276 >> DODD JOINED THE VOYAGER TEAM 1496 00:43:03,413 --> 00:43:01,311 RIGHT OUT OF COLLEGE. 1497 00:43:04,381 --> 00:43:03,480 SHE HAD MOVED UP THE RANKS 1498 00:43:05,816 --> 00:43:04,448 AND WAS NOW RESPONSIBLE 1499 00:43:07,351 --> 00:43:05,883 FOR THE COMMANDS THAT WOULD 1500 00:43:11,355 --> 00:43:07,418 HAVE VOYAGER EXECUTING 1501 00:43:12,556 --> 00:43:11,422 A DAREDEVIL FLY-BY OF NEPTUNE. 1502 00:43:14,057 --> 00:43:12,623 >> I THOUGHT, "OKAY, MY CAREER 1503 00:43:15,392 --> 00:43:14,124 "IS KIND OF RIDING ON THIS ONE, 1504 00:43:16,393 --> 00:43:15,459 "BECAUSE I BUILT THE CLOSEST 1505 00:43:20,063 --> 00:43:16,460 "APPROACH SEQUENCE. 1506 00:43:21,198 --> 00:43:20,130 "AND IF IT GOES WRONG, IT'S-- 1507 00:43:25,736 --> 00:43:21,265 "YOU KNOW, IT COULD BE 1508 00:43:26,970 --> 00:43:25,803 "MY FAULT." 1509 00:43:27,971 --> 00:43:27,037 >> THEN THE GRAVITATIONAL 1510 00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:28,038 FORCE OF THE PLANET 1511 00:43:32,809 --> 00:43:29,707 BENT THE SPACECRAFT DOWNWARDS 1512 00:43:33,844 --> 00:43:32,876 TOWARDS THE FINAL FLY-BY. 1513 00:43:36,013 --> 00:43:33,911 SCIENTISTS WHO WERE ACCUSTOMED 1514 00:43:36,947 --> 00:43:36,080 TO EXTRAORDINARY SIGHTS 1515 00:43:37,748 --> 00:43:37,014 WERE STILL AMAZED 1516 00:43:41,652 --> 00:43:37,815 BY WHAT THEY SAW 1517 00:43:42,753 --> 00:43:41,719 AT NEPTUNE'S MOON, TRITON. 1518 00:43:44,855 --> 00:43:42,820 >> LAST NIGHT WAS CERTAINLY 1519 00:43:46,056 --> 00:43:44,922 A NIGHT TO BE REMEMBERED. 1520 00:43:47,391 --> 00:43:46,123 I THINK IT'S THE MOST EXCITING 1521 00:43:49,159 --> 00:43:47,458 NIGHT THAT I CAN REMEMBER 1522 00:43:50,694 --> 00:43:49,226 FROM ANY OF THE ENCOUNTERS 1523 00:43:51,428 --> 00:43:50,761 THAT WE'VE HAD WITH VOYAGER, 1524 00:43:53,096 --> 00:43:51,495 AND THERE HAVE BEEN 1525 00:43:53,830 --> 00:43:53,163 SOME EXCITING NIGHTS. 1526 00:43:55,632 --> 00:43:53,897 WITHOUT A QUESTION, 1527 00:43:58,101 --> 00:43:55,699 THE IMAGES THAT WERE RETURNED 1528 00:43:59,536 --> 00:43:58,168 THIS MORNING REVEAL A WORLD 1529 00:44:00,771 --> 00:43:59,603 UNLIKE ANY OF THE OTHERS 1530 00:44:09,646 --> 00:44:00,838 THAT WE'VE SEEN. 1531 00:44:12,349 --> 00:44:09,713 [ MUSIC ] 1532 00:44:13,917 --> 00:44:12,416 >> THESE WERE ERUPTING GEYSERS 1533 00:44:20,857 --> 00:44:13,984 SHOOTING OUT MATERIAL 1534 00:44:21,858 --> 00:44:20,924 MILES INTO SPACE. 1535 00:44:24,895 --> 00:44:21,925 IN OTHER PLACES, THERE WERE 1536 00:44:25,762 --> 00:44:24,962 LAVA-LIKE FLOWS OF ICE, 1537 00:44:27,731 --> 00:44:25,829 ALL OF IT BELIEVED 1538 00:44:32,302 --> 00:44:27,798 CAUSED BY VOLCANIC PROCESSES 1539 00:44:33,470 --> 00:44:32,369 UNDERNEATH TRITON'S SURFACE. 1540 00:44:34,838 --> 00:44:33,537 >> A WORLD AT 1541 00:44:37,741 --> 00:44:34,905 THE VERY, VERY EDGE 1542 00:44:38,442 --> 00:44:37,808 OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM FROZEN. 1543 00:44:39,776 --> 00:44:38,509 WE THOUGHT WOULD BE 1544 00:44:40,677 --> 00:44:39,843 COMPLETELY GEOLOGICALLY DEAD, 1545 00:44:43,380 --> 00:44:40,744 AND IT TURNS OUT TO BE 1546 00:44:48,819 --> 00:44:43,447 GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVE. 1547 00:44:56,326 --> 00:44:48,886 THAT WAS A GREAT SURPRISE. 1548 00:44:57,627 --> 00:44:56,393 [ APPLAUSE ] 1549 00:45:00,464 --> 00:44:57,694 >> ONCE AGAIN, IT'S A MOON 1550 00:45:01,098 --> 00:45:00,531 THAT STEALS THE SHOW HERE. 1551 00:45:03,133 --> 00:45:01,165 >> YOU KNOW, I REALLY THINK OF 1552 00:45:04,735 --> 00:45:03,200 IO AND TRITON AS THE BOOKENDS 1553 00:45:05,702 --> 00:45:04,802 FOR THE PLANETARY ERA 1554 00:45:07,003 --> 00:45:05,769 OF VOYAGER. 1555 00:45:07,904 --> 00:45:07,070 I MEAN, THE SURPRISES 1556 00:45:09,406 --> 00:45:07,971 AT THE BEGINNING, 1557 00:45:10,040 --> 00:45:09,473 AND EVEN AT THE END. 1558 00:45:13,944 --> 00:45:10,107 THE TEMPERATURE THERE 1559 00:45:15,278 --> 00:45:14,011 WAS -390 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. 1560 00:45:16,546 --> 00:45:15,345 NITROGEN IS FROZEN SOLID 1561 00:45:18,682 --> 00:45:16,613 IN THE ICY POLAR CAP, 1562 00:45:20,283 --> 00:45:18,749 AND YET, A LITTLE BIT OF HEAT, 1563 00:45:21,518 --> 00:45:20,350 AND PHEW-- YOU GET PLUMES. 1564 00:45:22,486 --> 00:45:21,585 IT'S JUST-- 1565 00:45:24,688 --> 00:45:22,553 TOLD US THAT IN FACT, 1566 00:45:25,889 --> 00:45:24,755 NATURE IS MUCH MORE CAPABLE 1567 00:45:28,258 --> 00:45:25,956 THAN WE WOULD'VE IMAGINED, 1568 00:45:30,527 --> 00:45:28,325 GIVEN OUR TERRA-CENTRIC 1569 00:45:31,628 --> 00:45:30,594 VIEW OF PLANETS. 1570 00:45:33,463 --> 00:45:31,695 >> YOU'RE AT THE POINT NOW 1571 00:45:34,464 --> 00:45:33,530 WHERE THIS PART OF 1572 00:45:35,699 --> 00:45:34,531 THE MISSION IS ENDING. 1573 00:45:37,167 --> 00:45:35,766 AND WHEN YOU REFLECTED 1574 00:45:40,704 --> 00:45:37,234 BACK ON IT, WHAT DO YOU THINK 1575 00:45:41,438 --> 00:45:40,771 WERE THE BIGGEST TAKEAWAYS 1576 00:45:42,439 --> 00:45:41,505 TO SHARE WITH THE PUBLIC 1577 00:45:45,208 --> 00:45:42,506 ABOUT THIS 1578 00:45:46,076 --> 00:45:45,275 OUTER PLANET EXPLORATION? 1579 00:45:47,377 --> 00:45:46,143 >> I THINK THAT REALLY, 1580 00:45:48,712 --> 00:45:47,444 IT WAS JUST THE DIVERSITY 1581 00:45:49,679 --> 00:45:48,779 OF BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1582 00:45:50,747 --> 00:45:49,746 I THINK THAT'S WHAT-- 1583 00:45:51,848 --> 00:45:50,814 THEY COULD'VE ALL BEEN 1584 00:45:53,316 --> 00:45:51,915 HEAVILY CRATERED, 1585 00:45:55,118 --> 00:45:53,383 ANCIENT BODIES, BUT IN FACT, 1586 00:45:55,852 --> 00:45:55,185 THAT'S NOT THE WAY IT IS. 1587 00:45:58,221 --> 00:45:55,919 AND TODAY WE KNOW THAT 1588 00:45:59,022 --> 00:45:58,288 THERE ARE OTHER STELLAR 1589 00:46:00,590 --> 00:45:59,089 PLANETARY SYSTEMS, AND THEY'RE 1590 00:46:01,925 --> 00:46:00,657 ALL DIFFERENT THAN OUR SYSTEM. 1591 00:46:03,026 --> 00:46:01,992 SO IT JUST SAYS THAT FROM 1592 00:46:04,227 --> 00:46:03,093 A SCIENCE POINT OF VIEW, 1593 00:46:06,263 --> 00:46:04,294 THERE'S AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT 1594 00:46:07,531 --> 00:46:06,330 TO BE LEARNED ABOUT 1595 00:46:09,232 --> 00:46:07,598 PLANETS, MOONS, RINGS, 1596 00:46:09,933 --> 00:46:09,299 AND MAGNETIC FIELDS. 1597 00:46:10,801 --> 00:46:10,000 THEY WERE ALL DIFFERENT, 1598 00:46:13,303 --> 00:46:10,868 AND WERE DIFFERENT 1599 00:46:13,970 --> 00:46:13,370 THAN WE EXPECTED. 1600 00:46:14,571 --> 00:46:14,037 WE LEARNED A LOT, 1601 00:46:16,006 --> 00:46:14,638 AND THERE'S STILL 1602 00:46:16,773 --> 00:46:16,073 MORE TO BE LEARNED. 1603 00:46:18,608 --> 00:46:16,840 >> AND SUZY, I'M GLAD 1604 00:46:19,376 --> 00:46:18,675 THAT IT WENT WELL, 1605 00:46:20,410 --> 00:46:19,443 YOUR SEQUENCE THERE. 1606 00:46:21,144 --> 00:46:20,477 >> YEAH, I WOULDN'T 1607 00:46:21,978 --> 00:46:21,211 BE SITTING HERE TODAY 1608 00:46:23,647 --> 00:46:22,045 IF IT DIDN'T GO WELL. 1609 00:46:24,815 --> 00:46:23,714 [ LAUGHTER ] 1610 00:46:26,316 --> 00:46:24,882 YEAH, YEAH, BUT IT WAS-- 1611 00:46:27,551 --> 00:46:26,383 YOU KNOW, VOYAGER, 1612 00:46:29,219 --> 00:46:27,618 I THINK MOST PEOPLE 1613 00:46:30,687 --> 00:46:29,286 WHO WORKED ON IT WOULD SAY 1614 00:46:35,025 --> 00:46:30,754 THAT IT'S DEFINITELY UP THERE 1615 00:46:35,926 --> 00:46:35,092 AS A CAREER HIGHLIGHT FOR THEM. 1616 00:46:37,394 --> 00:46:35,993 IT IS FOR ME PERSONALLY, 1617 00:46:39,296 --> 00:46:37,461 AND I JUST FEEL SO FORTUNATE 1618 00:46:40,397 --> 00:46:39,363 THAT I WAS ABLE TO WORK IT 1619 00:46:41,531 --> 00:46:40,464 AT THE BEGINNING OF MY CAREER, 1620 00:46:43,266 --> 00:46:41,598 AND I'M WORKING 1621 00:46:45,802 --> 00:46:43,333 ON THE PROJECT NOW. 1622 00:46:47,704 --> 00:46:45,869 IT MIGHT MAKE IT TO THE END 1623 00:46:48,471 --> 00:46:47,771 OF MY CAREER-- I DON'T KNOW. 1624 00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:48,538 AS I ALWAYS SAY, I'D LIKE 1625 00:46:51,308 --> 00:46:50,107 TO GET VOYAGER TO 50 YEARS. 1626 00:46:52,776 --> 00:46:51,375 PLEASE COME BACK 1627 00:46:53,643 --> 00:46:52,843 IN 10 MORE YEARS. 1628 00:46:54,344 --> 00:46:53,710 [ LAUGHTER ] 1629 00:46:55,378 --> 00:46:54,411 IT'LL BE HARD, 1630 00:46:57,781 --> 00:46:55,445 BUT CHRIS'LL BE AROUND 1631 00:46:59,015 --> 00:46:57,848 HELPING ME OUT, REMEMBERING 1632 00:47:00,617 --> 00:46:59,082 WHAT MEMOS HE WROTE DOWN 1633 00:47:02,219 --> 00:47:00,684 AND THINGS LIKE THAT. 1634 00:47:03,553 --> 00:47:02,286 BUT VOYAGER'S A GREAT MISSION, 1635 00:47:04,821 --> 00:47:03,620 AND I THINK MOST OF THE PEOPLE 1636 00:47:05,622 --> 00:47:04,888 THAT HAVE WORKED ON IT, 1637 00:47:06,690 --> 00:47:05,689 AND THE ONES THAT ARE 1638 00:47:07,490 --> 00:47:06,757 STILL WORKING ON IT TODAY, 1639 00:47:09,559 --> 00:47:07,557 FEEL VERY FORTUNATE 1640 00:47:10,493 --> 00:47:09,626 TO HAVE BEEN INVOLVED WITH IT, 1641 00:47:13,230 --> 00:47:10,560 AND TO BE INVOLVED 1642 00:47:16,233 --> 00:47:13,297 WITH DR. STONE. 1643 00:47:17,100 --> 00:47:16,300 >> AND APPRECIATE YOUR TIME 1644 00:47:18,501 --> 00:47:17,167 IN FRONT OF THE MEDIA THERE, 1645 00:47:19,636 --> 00:47:18,568 BEING A BROADCASTER. 1646 00:47:20,237 --> 00:47:19,703 [ LAUGHTER ] 1647 00:47:21,104 --> 00:47:20,304 AND I WANTED TO 1648 00:47:23,139 --> 00:47:21,171 TALK A LITTLE BIT 1649 00:47:23,874 --> 00:47:23,206 ABOUT THE PUBLIC AND THE MEDIA. 1650 00:47:25,375 --> 00:47:23,941 I WAS READING TODAY IN 1651 00:47:27,444 --> 00:47:25,442 THE "NEW YORK TIMES" AN ARTICLE 1652 00:47:30,013 --> 00:47:27,511 BY ONE OF THESE REPORTERS 1653 00:47:30,981 --> 00:47:30,080 WHO CAME OUT HERE-- WE LIVE 1654 00:47:32,649 --> 00:47:31,048 IN A DIFFERENT WORLD NOW, 1655 00:47:33,550 --> 00:47:32,716 BUT BACK THEN, 1656 00:47:35,785 --> 00:47:33,617 THEY WOULD COME TOGETHER, 1657 00:47:37,754 --> 00:47:35,852 AND BECAME ALMOST LIKE 1658 00:47:38,555 --> 00:47:37,821 A VETERANS GROUP 1659 00:47:39,589 --> 00:47:38,622 THAT WOULD GET TOGETHER 1660 00:47:41,625 --> 00:47:39,656 EVERY FEW YEARS 1661 00:47:43,727 --> 00:47:41,692 TO HAVE THESE REUNIONS. 1662 00:47:45,328 --> 00:47:43,794 AND FOR THE PUBLIC ITSELF, 1663 00:47:46,963 --> 00:47:45,395 I THINK THE VOYAGER RECORD, 1664 00:47:49,799 --> 00:47:47,030 JOHN, THAT I KNOW 1665 00:47:51,801 --> 00:47:49,866 YOU WERE INSPIRED BY WHAT 1666 00:47:52,836 --> 00:47:51,868 THE PIONEER MISSION HAD DONE-- 1667 00:47:54,271 --> 00:47:52,903 THEY'D STARTED THAT OFF. 1668 00:47:55,538 --> 00:47:54,338 BUT TELL US A LITTLE BIT 1669 00:47:58,375 --> 00:47:55,605 ABOUT WHY YOU DECIDED 1670 00:47:59,976 --> 00:47:58,442 TO HAVE SOMETHING DONE 1671 00:48:01,978 --> 00:48:00,043 ON THIS SPACECRAFT THAT ENDED UP 1672 00:48:02,779 --> 00:48:02,045 BEING THE VOYAGER RECORD. 1673 00:48:03,647 --> 00:48:02,846 THAT'S-- THAT'S JOHN, 1674 00:48:06,016 --> 00:48:03,714 BY THE WAY. 1675 00:48:07,784 --> 00:48:06,083 [ LAUGHING ] 1676 00:48:08,852 --> 00:48:07,851 >> YEAH, THAT IS JOHN. 1677 00:48:11,554 --> 00:48:08,919 WELL, I-- 1678 00:48:13,623 --> 00:48:11,621 [ LAUGHTER ] 1679 00:48:16,726 --> 00:48:13,690 I REMEMBER VERY CLEARLY 1680 00:48:18,361 --> 00:48:16,793 THE EVENT THAT HAPPENED 1681 00:48:19,696 --> 00:48:18,428 WITH PIONEER-10, 1682 00:48:21,298 --> 00:48:19,763 WHERE CARL AND SOME OTHERS 1683 00:48:22,399 --> 00:48:21,365 HAD PUT A PLAQUE-- 1684 00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:22,466 CARL SAGAN HAD PUT A PLAQUE 1685 00:48:25,435 --> 00:48:23,667 ON THE SIDE OF THE SPACECRAFT 1686 00:48:26,937 --> 00:48:25,502 THAT SHOWED THE OUTLINE-- 1687 00:48:29,639 --> 00:48:27,004 JUST THE OUTLINE FORM OF HUMANS, 1688 00:48:30,607 --> 00:48:29,706 MALE AND FEMALE-- 1689 00:48:32,309 --> 00:48:30,674 NAKED, BUT THERE WASN'T 1690 00:48:34,911 --> 00:48:32,376 ANY MUCH TO SEE, BUT-- 1691 00:48:36,413 --> 00:48:34,978 [ LAUGHTER ] 1692 00:48:38,581 --> 00:48:36,480 >> [ INDISTINCT ]. 1693 00:48:40,684 --> 00:48:38,648 >> YEAH. 1694 00:48:42,719 --> 00:48:40,751 SO ANYHOW, BUT IT CREATED 1695 00:48:43,586 --> 00:48:42,786 SUCH A STIR AMONG THE PUBLIC 1696 00:48:45,422 --> 00:48:43,653 AND IN THE PRESS, 1697 00:48:46,690 --> 00:48:45,489 AND, YOU KNOW, THE COMMENT 1698 00:48:48,558 --> 00:48:46,757 WITH SOMEBODY SAID NASA 1699 00:48:49,793 --> 00:48:48,625 WAS SENDING SMUT INTO SPACE, 1700 00:48:51,361 --> 00:48:49,860 AND ALL THAT KIND OF STUFF. 1701 00:48:53,363 --> 00:48:51,428 BUT YOU KNOW, TO ME, 1702 00:48:54,564 --> 00:48:53,430 IT REPRESENTED 1703 00:48:56,533 --> 00:48:54,631 A REAL CONNECTION BETWEEN 1704 00:48:57,167 --> 00:48:56,600 THE PROJECT AND THE PUBLIC. 1705 00:48:58,268 --> 00:48:57,234 AND AFTER ALL, 1706 00:49:00,337 --> 00:48:58,335 THE PUBLIC IS THE PEOPLE 1707 00:49:01,171 --> 00:49:00,404 THAT PAY FOR THIS, RIGHT? 1708 00:49:02,238 --> 00:49:01,238 ED ALWAYS USED TO SAY, 1709 00:49:03,540 --> 00:49:02,305 "WE'VE GOT TO HAVE MISSIONS 1710 00:49:04,574 --> 00:49:03,607 "THAT ARE PUBLICLY ENGAGING, 1711 00:49:06,710 --> 00:49:04,641 "NOT JUST SCIENTIFICALLY 1712 00:49:07,344 --> 00:49:06,777 "WORTHWHILE." 1713 00:49:09,245 --> 00:49:07,411 I REMEMBER WHEN I WAS 1714 00:49:10,513 --> 00:49:09,312 MANAGING DIVISION 34, 1715 00:49:11,381 --> 00:49:10,580 THERE WAS A-- 1716 00:49:12,549 --> 00:49:11,448 I WASN'T ON THE PROJECT YET, 1717 00:49:13,950 --> 00:49:12,616 BUT WE WERE PROVIDING 1718 00:49:16,019 --> 00:49:14,017 HARDWARE FOR THE PROJECT, 1719 00:49:16,753 --> 00:49:16,086 AND THERE WAS SOME REVIEW 1720 00:49:18,888 --> 00:49:16,820 I WAS SETTING UP, 1721 00:49:19,723 --> 00:49:18,955 AND I ASKED THE QUESTION, 1722 00:49:20,957 --> 00:49:19,790 "ARE YOU GUYS GOING TO PUT 1723 00:49:22,559 --> 00:49:21,024 "ANYTHING ON THE SPACECRAFT?" 1724 00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:22,626 AND THEY SAID, "WHAT?" 1725 00:49:24,427 --> 00:49:23,827 THEY SAID, "WHAT FOR?" 1726 00:49:25,161 --> 00:49:24,494 I SAID, "WELL, 1727 00:49:26,763 --> 00:49:25,228 "TO SEND A MESSAGE." 1728 00:49:27,464 --> 00:49:26,830 AND THEY SAID, "NO." 1729 00:49:28,631 --> 00:49:27,531 BUT THEN I GOT TO BE 1730 00:49:31,368 --> 00:49:28,698 PROJECT MANAGER. 1731 00:49:33,169 --> 00:49:31,435 [ LAUGHTER ] 1732 00:49:33,970 --> 00:49:33,236 AND SO REMEMBERING 1733 00:49:35,405 --> 00:49:34,037 THE PIONEER THING, 1734 00:49:36,940 --> 00:49:35,472 CARL SAGAN WAS ON THE PROJECT 1735 00:49:37,874 --> 00:49:37,007 AT THAT TIME. 1736 00:49:38,775 --> 00:49:37,941 AND HE WAS A PRETTY GOOD 1737 00:49:39,976 --> 00:49:38,842 FRIEND OF MINE, AND SO 1738 00:49:42,746 --> 00:49:40,043 I CALLED HIM UP ONE DAY 1739 00:49:43,413 --> 00:49:42,813 AND SAID, "HEY, CARL, YOU KNOW, 1740 00:49:44,381 --> 00:49:43,480 "WE NEED TO HAVE SOMETHING 1741 00:49:44,948 --> 00:49:44,448 "ON THIS SPACECRAFT. 1742 00:49:46,249 --> 00:49:45,015 "ARE YOU WILLING TO 1743 00:49:48,118 --> 00:49:46,316 "TAKE A CRACK AT IT?" 1744 00:49:48,852 --> 00:49:48,185 HE SAID, "ABSOLUTELY, YES." 1745 00:49:50,720 --> 00:49:48,919 I SAID, "GIVE ME A PROPOSAL." 1746 00:49:51,788 --> 00:49:50,787 HE CAME BACK WITH 25K 1747 00:49:52,756 --> 00:49:51,855 AND THREE OR FOUR PEOPLE THAT 1748 00:49:53,823 --> 00:49:52,823 HE WAS GOING TO PUT TOGETHER 1749 00:49:55,492 --> 00:49:53,890 AS A TEAM, AND THEY HAD SORT OF 1750 00:49:56,459 --> 00:49:55,559 A GENERAL OUTLINE. 1751 00:49:57,660 --> 00:49:56,526 AND I SAID, 1752 00:50:00,096 --> 00:49:57,727 "GOOD, GO AHEAD WITH IT." 1753 00:50:00,964 --> 00:50:00,163 AND SO OUT OF THAT 1754 00:50:02,065 --> 00:50:01,031 CAME THE RECORD. 1755 00:50:02,766 --> 00:50:02,132 AND I THINK THE RECORD 1756 00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:02,833 IS TREMENDOUS. 1757 00:50:04,801 --> 00:50:03,567 WE HAD THREE THINGS 1758 00:50:05,835 --> 00:50:04,868 ON THAT SPACECRAFT THAT WERE 1759 00:50:07,370 --> 00:50:05,902 ALL MESSAGES TO THREE DIFFERENT 1760 00:50:08,171 --> 00:50:07,437 GROUPS OF PEOPLE. 1761 00:50:09,539 --> 00:50:08,238 ONE, WE GOT EVERYBODY 1762 00:50:10,540 --> 00:50:09,606 WHO WAS WORKING ON THE PROJECT, 1763 00:50:12,042 --> 00:50:10,607 AND ALL OF OUR FAMILIES 1764 00:50:13,610 --> 00:50:12,109 AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS-- 1765 00:50:16,079 --> 00:50:13,677 THERE WERE 6,000. 1766 00:50:17,013 --> 00:50:16,146 WE HAD A BIG FAMILY DAY. 1767 00:50:18,415 --> 00:50:17,080 SPACECRAFT WAS IN 1768 00:50:20,250 --> 00:50:18,482 THE THERMAL VAC CHAMBER. 1769 00:50:20,950 --> 00:50:20,317 WE HAD TABLES SET UP OUTSIDE 1770 00:50:22,519 --> 00:50:21,017 WHERE PEOPLE COULD 1771 00:50:24,554 --> 00:50:22,586 WRITE THEIR NAME. 1772 00:50:25,989 --> 00:50:24,621 AND WE HAD 6,000 SIGNATURES, 1773 00:50:28,324 --> 00:50:26,056 AND WE PHOTOGRAPHICALLY 1774 00:50:29,592 --> 00:50:28,391 REDUCED THEM TO A LITTLE 6 X 9 1775 00:50:31,394 --> 00:50:29,659 ALUMINUM FOIL, AND THEY WENT 1776 00:50:32,762 --> 00:50:31,461 INTO THE THERMAL BLANKET. 1777 00:50:33,430 --> 00:50:32,829 SO THAT WAS A MESSAGE, 1778 00:50:35,698 --> 00:50:33,497 AND IT WAS A MESSAGE 1779 00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:35,765 TO THE PEOPLE THAT WE'RE 1780 00:50:38,968 --> 00:50:37,467 ACKNOWLEDGING YOUR CONTRIBUTION 1781 00:50:40,370 --> 00:50:39,035 BY PUTTING YOUR NAME 1782 00:50:41,337 --> 00:50:40,437 OR THE NAME OF YOUR FAMILY 1783 00:50:42,338 --> 00:50:41,404 AND FRIENDS ON IT. 1784 00:50:42,972 --> 00:50:42,405 SO THAT WAS ONE. 1785 00:50:43,740 --> 00:50:43,039 THE OTHER ONE 1786 00:50:44,541 --> 00:50:43,807 WAS THE AMERICAN FLAG. 1787 00:50:45,341 --> 00:50:44,608 THE AMERICAN FLAG 1788 00:50:47,010 --> 00:50:45,408 WAS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1789 00:50:47,811 --> 00:50:47,077 TO THE TAXPAYERS. 1790 00:50:49,913 --> 00:50:47,878 WE RECOGNIZE YOU, 1791 00:50:51,214 --> 00:50:49,980 WE RECOGNIZE THIS COUNTRY 1792 00:50:52,816 --> 00:50:51,281 AND THE DEDICATION OF EVERYBODY 1793 00:50:54,084 --> 00:50:52,883 IN THE COUNTRY WHO SUPPORTED IT. 1794 00:50:55,752 --> 00:50:54,151 AND THE THIRD MESSAGE 1795 00:50:57,087 --> 00:50:55,819 WAS THE MESSAGE THAT CARL SENT, 1796 00:50:58,655 --> 00:50:57,154 YOU KNOW, WHICH WAS NOT ONLY 1797 00:51:00,123 --> 00:50:58,722 A MESSAGE TO THE ALIENS, 1798 00:51:02,659 --> 00:51:00,190 IF THERE EVER WERE ANY, 1799 00:51:03,493 --> 00:51:02,726 BUT IT WAS ALSO A MESSAGE-- 1800 00:51:04,461 --> 00:51:03,560 HE WAS, I THINK, 1801 00:51:05,995 --> 00:51:04,528 TRYING TO STIMULATE 1802 00:51:07,163 --> 00:51:06,062 PEOPLE ON THE EARTH 1803 00:51:08,565 --> 00:51:07,230 TO THINK ABOUT HOW YOU WOULD 1804 00:51:11,067 --> 00:51:08,632 GO ABOUT COMMUNICATING 1805 00:51:13,770 --> 00:51:11,134 WITH A TOTALLY FOREIGN SOCIETY 1806 00:51:14,504 --> 00:51:13,837 OR A TOTALLY ALIEN CULTURE. 1807 00:51:15,638 --> 00:51:14,571 AND THERE WAS-- A LOT OF THAT 1808 00:51:16,339 --> 00:51:15,705 WAS EMBEDDED IN THE MESSAGE. 1809 00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:16,406 >> HOW WE DEFINE OURSELVES. 1810 00:51:18,308 --> 00:51:17,507 >> AND HOW WE DEFINE 1811 00:51:20,009 --> 00:51:18,375 OURSELVES, YEAH. 1812 00:51:21,144 --> 00:51:20,076 >> I WAS GOING TO ADD THAT 1813 00:51:22,579 --> 00:51:21,211 AS A PROJECT MANAGER TODAY, 1814 00:51:23,480 --> 00:51:22,646 WE GET LOTS-- 1815 00:51:24,547 --> 00:51:23,547 AND I'M SURE ED DOES, TOO-- 1816 00:51:26,116 --> 00:51:24,614 GET LOTS OF EMAILS 1817 00:51:27,417 --> 00:51:26,183 FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD-- 1818 00:51:28,585 --> 00:51:27,484 BOTH CONGRATULATIONS 1819 00:51:29,385 --> 00:51:28,652 ABOUT THE GREAT SCIENCE 1820 00:51:31,254 --> 00:51:29,452 THAT VOYAGER DOES, 1821 00:51:32,455 --> 00:51:31,321 BUT ALSO CONGRATULATIONS 1822 00:51:34,357 --> 00:51:32,522 THAT THERE'S THIS GOLD RECORD, 1823 00:51:36,926 --> 00:51:34,424 THAT THERE'S THIS TIME CAPSULE 1824 00:51:37,727 --> 00:51:36,993 WE'RE SENDING OUT THERE. 1825 00:51:38,862 --> 00:51:37,794 THAT REALLY RESONATES 1826 00:51:41,831 --> 00:51:38,929 WITH THE GENERAL PUBLIC, 1827 00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:41,898 AND I THINK THAT'S WHAT MAKES 1828 00:51:45,969 --> 00:51:44,067 VOYAGER SO WORLD-RENOWNED 1829 00:51:47,871 --> 00:51:46,036 AND KNOWN BY EVERYBODY. 1830 00:51:50,140 --> 00:51:47,938 >> YEAH, I ALWAYS LIKE TO SAY 1831 00:51:51,708 --> 00:51:50,207 THAT THE TWO VOYAGERS, 1832 00:51:53,076 --> 00:51:51,775 AFTER THEY FINISH THEIR CURRENT 1833 00:51:53,943 --> 00:51:53,143 INTERSTELLAR MISSION, 1834 00:51:55,078 --> 00:51:54,010 WILL BE ORBITING 1835 00:51:56,779 --> 00:51:55,145 THE MILKY WAY GALAXY 1836 00:51:57,780 --> 00:51:56,846 FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS. 1837 00:51:58,448 --> 00:51:57,847 AND THEY'LL BE OUR-- 1838 00:52:00,850 --> 00:51:58,515 THEY'LL BE EARTH'S 1839 00:52:02,986 --> 00:52:00,917 SILENT AMBASSADORS, 1840 00:52:04,320 --> 00:52:03,053 AND THE GOLDEN RECORD IS SORT OF 1841 00:52:05,955 --> 00:52:04,387 THE CALLING CARD CARRIED BY 1842 00:52:06,623 --> 00:52:06,022 THOSE SILENT AMBASSADORS. 1843 00:52:07,557 --> 00:52:06,690 SO THIS IS 1844 00:52:08,691 --> 00:52:07,624 A VERY INSPIRING THING 1845 00:52:09,559 --> 00:52:08,758 FOR THE PUBLIC AT LARGE, 1846 00:52:10,527 --> 00:52:09,626 IT TURNS OUT. 1847 00:52:11,628 --> 00:52:10,594 >> YEAH, THE SPACECRAFT 1848 00:52:13,563 --> 00:52:11,695 WILL WATCH-- THEY'LL LAST 1849 00:52:15,632 --> 00:52:13,630 LONGER THAN OUR PLANET 1850 00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:15,699 AND OUR STAR, SO... 1851 00:52:18,568 --> 00:52:17,267 >> IT'S JUST LIKE THE FINAL 1852 00:52:20,203 --> 00:52:18,635 PICTURE OF LOOKING BACK 1853 00:52:21,171 --> 00:52:20,270 ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1854 00:52:22,906 --> 00:52:21,238 IT HAS ABSOLUTELY 1855 00:52:24,474 --> 00:52:22,973 NO SCIENTIFIC VALUE, BUT IT IS 1856 00:52:26,809 --> 00:52:24,541 A TREMENDOUS SIGNIFICANCE, 1857 00:52:28,811 --> 00:52:26,876 YOU KNOW, OF PERSPECTIVE. 1858 00:52:29,646 --> 00:52:28,878 AND THEY-- THE GOLDEN RECORD 1859 00:52:30,380 --> 00:52:29,713 IS THE SAME WAY. 1860 00:52:32,015 --> 00:52:30,447 THERE'S NO SCIENCE VALUE 1861 00:52:34,384 --> 00:52:32,082 IN THAT, BUT IT'S A CONNECTION 1862 00:52:35,118 --> 00:52:34,451 TO PEOPLE. 1863 00:52:36,519 --> 00:52:35,185 YOU KNOW, UNDERNEATH IT ALL 1864 00:52:38,821 --> 00:52:36,586 IS THE PEOPLE IN THIS ROOM, 1865 00:52:39,589 --> 00:52:38,888 AND THE THOUSANDS BEHIND THEM. 1866 00:52:41,224 --> 00:52:39,656 >> THAT'S THE GREAT ENGINEERING. 1867 00:52:41,958 --> 00:52:41,291 >> YES, AND IT'S 1868 00:52:42,559 --> 00:52:42,025 NOT ONLY ENGINEERING. 1869 00:52:43,359 --> 00:52:42,626 IT'S COMMITMENT, 1870 00:52:45,528 --> 00:52:43,426 AND DEDICATION, 1871 00:52:46,229 --> 00:52:45,595 AND PERSEVERANCE, AND-- 1872 00:52:46,896 --> 00:52:46,296 I WAS THINKING 1873 00:52:47,897 --> 00:52:46,963 WHEN YOU WERE ASKING 1874 00:52:49,065 --> 00:52:47,964 ONE OF THE LAST SENTENCE-- 1875 00:52:51,901 --> 00:52:49,132 WE HAD ANOTHER KIND OF 1876 00:52:52,735 --> 00:52:51,968 A MASCOT MOTTO ON VOYAGER. 1877 00:52:55,004 --> 00:52:52,802 IT WAS AN IMAGE, 1878 00:52:56,139 --> 00:52:55,071 A CARTOON IMAGE OF A BIRD. 1879 00:52:57,173 --> 00:52:56,206 I THINK IT WAS A PELICAN, 1880 00:52:58,741 --> 00:52:57,240 OR SOMETHING, AND IN FRONT 1881 00:52:59,842 --> 00:52:58,808 OF THE PELICAN WAS A FROG. 1882 00:53:01,311 --> 00:52:59,909 AND THE FROG HAD ITS FRONT LEGS 1883 00:53:02,145 --> 00:53:01,378 AROUND THE NECK OF THE PELICAN, 1884 00:53:03,880 --> 00:53:02,212 AND THE PELICAN HAD 1885 00:53:06,015 --> 00:53:03,947 THE FROG'S HEAD IN ITS MOUTH. 1886 00:53:07,317 --> 00:53:06,082 AND THE CAPTION WAS, 1887 00:53:09,018 --> 00:53:07,384 "DON'T EVER GIVE UP." 1888 00:53:10,019 --> 00:53:09,085 [ LAUGHTER ] 1889 00:53:10,987 --> 00:53:10,086 AND THAT WAS 1890 00:53:13,289 --> 00:53:11,054 A REMINDER TO ALL OF US, 1891 00:53:15,091 --> 00:53:13,356 YOU KNOW, BUT THERE WERE 1892 00:53:16,259 --> 00:53:15,158 EXAMPLES OF THAT. 1893 00:53:17,293 --> 00:53:16,326 THE UNSTICKING 1894 00:53:18,061 --> 00:53:17,360 OF THE SCAN PLATFORM. 1895 00:53:19,062 --> 00:53:18,128 IT LOOKED LIKE IT WAS 1896 00:53:20,230 --> 00:53:19,129 OVER THERE FOR A WHILE, 1897 00:53:21,297 --> 00:53:20,297 BUT A COUPLE OF GUYS SAID, "NO, 1898 00:53:22,699 --> 00:53:21,364 "LET'S KEEP WORKING ON THIS." 1899 00:53:24,234 --> 00:53:22,766 AND THEN THE RECOVERY 1900 00:53:25,568 --> 00:53:24,301 FROM THE FAILED TRACKING 1901 00:53:27,570 --> 00:53:25,635 LOOP CAPACITOR ON ONE OF 1902 00:53:28,871 --> 00:53:27,637 THE RADIO, WHERE THE DSN GUYS 1903 00:53:30,373 --> 00:53:28,938 CAME IN WITH A PROGRAMMABLE 1904 00:53:31,975 --> 00:53:30,440 VCO OR SOMETHING 1905 00:53:33,476 --> 00:53:32,042 THAT WE COULD MATCH THE-- 1906 00:53:35,078 --> 00:53:33,543 WHATEVER THE RECEIVER WAS DOING 1907 00:53:36,913 --> 00:53:35,145 FROM THE GROUND BASED ON, 1908 00:53:39,816 --> 00:53:36,980 YOU KNOW, TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS 1909 00:53:41,884 --> 00:53:39,883 AND EVERYTHING LIKE THAT. 1910 00:53:43,186 --> 00:53:41,951 >> WELL, WE NEED TO MOVE INTO 1911 00:53:45,455 --> 00:53:43,253 THE NEXT PHASE OF THE MISSION, 1912 00:53:46,322 --> 00:53:45,522 WHICH IS HISTORIC ALSO, 1913 00:53:50,927 --> 00:53:46,389 AND THE FIRST 1914 00:53:52,895 --> 00:53:50,994 INTERSTELLAR OBJECT EVER 1915 00:53:53,663 --> 00:53:52,962 IN THE HISTORY OF HUMANKIND. 1916 00:53:54,897 --> 00:53:53,730 >> YES, THE SUN 1917 00:53:56,699 --> 00:53:54,964 PROTECTS ALL THE PLANETS 1918 00:53:57,567 --> 00:53:56,766 WITH THAT SOLAR WIND-- 1919 00:53:59,469 --> 00:53:57,634 A MILLION MILE PER HOUR WIND 1920 00:54:01,170 --> 00:53:59,536 CREATES A HUGE PLASMA BUBBLE 1921 00:54:02,739 --> 00:54:01,237 AROUND THE SUN ITSELF. 1922 00:54:04,741 --> 00:54:02,806 AND THE BUBBLE ENVELOPS 1923 00:54:06,476 --> 00:54:04,808 ALL OF THE PLANETS WE FLEW BY, 1924 00:54:07,543 --> 00:54:06,543 AND WE HAD NO IDEA 1925 00:54:08,344 --> 00:54:07,610 HOW BIG THE BUBBLE WAS. 1926 00:54:10,246 --> 00:54:08,411 WE HAD AN IDEA, BUT WE DIDN'T 1927 00:54:11,814 --> 00:54:10,313 HAVE VERY ACCURATE-- 1928 00:54:12,582 --> 00:54:11,881 SO WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW LONG 1929 00:54:13,616 --> 00:54:12,649 IT WOULD TAKE TO GET THERE, 1930 00:54:14,851 --> 00:54:13,683 WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW LONG 1931 00:54:16,286 --> 00:54:14,918 SPACECRAFT COULD LAUNCH. 1932 00:54:17,520 --> 00:54:16,353 AFTER ALL, THE SPACE AGE ITSELF 1933 00:54:18,521 --> 00:54:17,587 WAS ONLY 20 YEARS OLD 1934 00:54:19,656 --> 00:54:18,588 WHEN VOYAGER LAUNCHED. 1935 00:54:20,556 --> 00:54:19,723 SO THERE WAS 1936 00:54:21,357 --> 00:54:20,623 NO EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 1937 00:54:23,226 --> 00:54:21,424 THAT ANYTHING COULD LAST 1938 00:54:24,360 --> 00:54:23,293 30 OR 40 YEARS. 1939 00:54:26,296 --> 00:54:24,427 BUT IN FACT, VOYAGER 1 1940 00:54:27,030 --> 00:54:26,363 DID LEAVE THE SOLAR BUBBLE, 1941 00:54:28,898 --> 00:54:27,097 THE HELIOSPHERE, 1942 00:54:30,366 --> 00:54:28,965 IN AUGUST OF 2012 1943 00:54:32,035 --> 00:54:30,433 AND IS NOW EXPLORING 1944 00:54:32,902 --> 00:54:32,102 NEARBY INTERSTELLAR SPACE, 1945 00:54:34,437 --> 00:54:32,969 WHERE THE MATERIAL 1946 00:54:35,838 --> 00:54:34,504 COMES FROM OTHER STARS 1947 00:54:36,806 --> 00:54:35,905 THAN OUR SUN 1948 00:54:37,740 --> 00:54:36,873 AND WHERE THE MAGNETIC FIELD 1949 00:54:39,008 --> 00:54:37,807 IS THE MAGNETIC FIELD 1950 00:54:40,143 --> 00:54:39,075 OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY, 1951 00:54:41,210 --> 00:54:40,210 WHICH IS BEING WRAPPED 1952 00:54:43,146 --> 00:54:41,277 AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF 1953 00:54:44,247 --> 00:54:43,213 THE HELIOSPHERIC BUBBLE. 1954 00:54:45,682 --> 00:54:44,314 SO-- AND WHAT WE'VE 1955 00:54:46,649 --> 00:54:45,749 DISCOVERED OUT THERE IS THAT 1956 00:54:47,784 --> 00:54:46,716 THE COSMIC RAYS, 1957 00:54:49,852 --> 00:54:47,851 WHICH WE MEASURE HERE ON EARTH, 1958 00:54:51,888 --> 00:54:49,919 ARE MORE THAN FOUR TIMES 1959 00:54:52,755 --> 00:54:51,955 MORE INTENSE OUTSIDE. 1960 00:54:54,057 --> 00:54:52,822 WE DIDN'T KNOW HOW MANY WERE-- 1961 00:54:54,824 --> 00:54:54,124 WHAT THE RADIATION 1962 00:54:55,892 --> 00:54:54,891 ENVIRONMENT WAS LIKE. 1963 00:54:57,160 --> 00:54:55,959 IT COULD'VE BEEN HUNDREDS 1964 00:54:58,328 --> 00:54:57,227 OF THOUSANDS OF TIMES WORSE. 1965 00:54:59,462 --> 00:54:58,395 TURNS OUT IT'S ONLY 1966 00:55:01,497 --> 00:54:59,529 FOUR TIMES WORSE THAN IT IS 1967 00:55:04,534 --> 00:55:01,564 HERE ON EARTH. 1968 00:55:05,768 --> 00:55:04,601 AND WE WILL BE STUDYING THAT 1969 00:55:07,970 --> 00:55:05,835 ASPECT OF INTERSTELLAR SPACE 1970 00:55:09,806 --> 00:55:08,037 AS WELL IN THE REMAINING LIFE 1971 00:55:11,040 --> 00:55:09,873 THAT VOYAGER HAS 1972 00:55:13,476 --> 00:55:11,107 WITH ITS RADIOISOTOPE 1973 00:55:14,377 --> 00:55:13,543 THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS. 1974 00:55:17,447 --> 00:55:14,444 >> I'D LIKE TO CLOSE OUT 1975 00:55:19,749 --> 00:55:17,514 BY ACTUALLY HAVING A SENSE 1976 00:55:22,085 --> 00:55:19,816 OF WHERE-- WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE 1977 00:55:24,821 --> 00:55:22,152 IF WE WERE ON VOYAGER, 1978 00:55:26,789 --> 00:55:24,888 AND LOOKING BACK AT US. 1979 00:55:27,724 --> 00:55:26,856 AND I ALWAYS WONDERED ABOUT 1980 00:55:28,725 --> 00:55:27,791 HOW CAN WE DO THAT 1981 00:55:31,227 --> 00:55:28,792 AND WHAT WOULD THAT BE, 1982 00:55:34,030 --> 00:55:31,294 BUT WE NOW HAVE, 1983 00:55:36,399 --> 00:55:34,097 THANKS TO OUR JPL CREATED 1984 00:55:38,868 --> 00:55:36,466 EYES ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM, 1985 00:55:39,702 --> 00:55:38,935 A WAY OF LOOKING AND SEEING 1986 00:55:40,770 --> 00:55:39,769 WHERE THE VOYAGERS ARE, 1987 00:55:42,205 --> 00:55:40,837 AND LOOKING BACK. 1988 00:55:44,507 --> 00:55:42,272 AND THERE YOU HAVE IT. 1989 00:55:48,478 --> 00:55:44,574 THIS IS AVAILABLE ONLINE 1990 00:55:49,912 --> 00:55:48,545 AT EYES ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1991 00:55:54,817 --> 00:55:49,979 YOU CAN JUST GOOGLE IT, 1992 00:55:55,685 --> 00:55:54,884 AND THERE IT IS. 1993 00:55:59,288 --> 00:55:55,752 WAVE. 1994 00:55:59,989 --> 00:55:59,355 [ LAUGHTER ] 1995 00:56:02,225 --> 00:56:00,056 >> YOU KNOW, I THINK PART OF 1996 00:56:04,994 --> 00:56:02,292 WHAT MAKES VOYAGER WHAT IT IS 1997 00:56:06,429 --> 00:56:05,061 IS ITS GREAT ENGINEERING, 1998 00:56:08,564 --> 00:56:06,496 ITS GREAT SCIENCE, 1999 00:56:09,699 --> 00:56:08,631 AND ITS REMARKABLE INSPIRATION. 2000 00:56:11,401 --> 00:56:09,766 I THINK THOSE THREE ELEMENTS 2001 00:56:13,102 --> 00:56:11,468 ALL CAME TOGETHER 2002 00:56:16,472 --> 00:56:13,169 AND MADE A JOURNEY 2003 00:56:17,974 --> 00:56:16,539 THAT'S REALLY UNEQUALLED. 2004 00:56:21,644 --> 00:56:18,041 >> WHAT AN INSPIRATION 2005 00:56:23,212 --> 00:56:21,711 ALL OF YOU ARE TO ALL OF US, 2006 00:56:25,081 --> 00:56:23,279 AND WE JUST THANK YOU SO MUCH, 2007 00:56:26,983 --> 00:56:25,148 AND ALL OF YOU THAT 2008 00:56:27,984 --> 00:56:27,050 HAVE WORKED ON THIS MISSION. 2009 00:56:30,052 --> 00:56:28,051 IT IS TRULY OF 2010 00:56:31,320 --> 00:56:30,119 HISTORIC PROPORTIONS, 2011 00:56:33,556 --> 00:56:31,387 AND HOW PRIVILEGED 2012 00:56:35,358 --> 00:56:33,623 AND SPECIAL IT IS. 2013 00:56:36,893 --> 00:56:35,425 AND WITH THAT, I WANT TO 2014 00:56:38,027 --> 00:56:36,960 THANK YOU FOR COMING, 2015 00:56:39,495 --> 00:56:38,094 AND THANK OUR AUDIENCE-- 2016 00:56:41,731 --> 00:56:39,562 YOU'VE BEEN TERRIFIC. 2017 00:57:00,817 --> 00:56:41,798 AND SAIL ON, VOYAGER. 2018 00:58:04,380 --> 00:57:00,884 [ APPLAUSE ]